遗传算法和遗传规划
关于遗传算法的详尽介绍，对于遗传算法中各个模块的参数进行解析，窥视遗传算法的核心部分，对于遗传算法模式定理的深入解析，及由模式定理产生的启迪思想，能够让你更好的理解遗传算法！遗传算法和遗传规划种搜索寻优技术云庆夏黄光球王战权编著冶金工业出版社1597内容筒介遗传算法和遗传规划是一种新兴的搜索优技术。它们仿效生物的进化与遗传,根据“优胜劣汰”原则,使所要解决的问题从初始解一步步地近最优解。本书全面介绍了传算法和遗传规划的基本知识、基本理论和基本技术。全书共分五章,即绪论,遗传算法、遗传规划、遗传算法的应用、邀传就划的应用。本书的特点是深入浅出,可适应不同层欢读者的受求符别适合于工程技术人员、科研人员阅读,也可作为大专院校的教材或参考书图书在版编目(CIP)数据遗传算法和遗传规划/云庆夏等编著.北京:冶金工业出版社,1997,4ISBN7-5024-1983-7I.遗…I.最优搜索Ⅳ.0229中国版本图书馆CP数据核字(97)第07684号日版人卿启云(北京沙摊黄祝院北巷39号,邮编L0009资任编辑田锋赍任校对杨力北京昌平长城印刷「印刷;冶金工业出版社发行;各地新华书经销1997年4月第1版,1997年4月第1收印刷850mm×1168mm1/32;5.25印张;139千字;160页;1-1250册5元前遗传算法( Genetic Algorithm)和遗传规划( Genetic Prograrmming)是一种新兴的搜索寻优技术。它们仿效生物的进化与遗传,根据“生存竞争”和“忧胜劣汰”的原则,借助复制、交换、突变等操作,使所要解决的问题从初始解一步步地逼近最优解。因此,这两种方法又被称为进化计算遗传算法是以单一字符串的形式描述所研究的问题,遗传规划则是用计算机程序的层次格式反映题。前者简单易行,后者适用于各种复杂的间题。遗传规划常常被译作“遗传程序设计它很容易被误解为关于遗传算法的计算机编程技术,因此本书称之为遗传规划无论是遗传算法或遗传规划,在国外已得到广泛应用,它们特别适合解决其它科学技术无法解决或难以解决的复杂间题,如结构优化、非线性优化、机器学习等,是继专家系统、人工神经网络之后又一受人青睐的新学科。我国在这方面的研究和应用方兴未艾,由于缺乏有关这一学科的普及读物,严重影响它们在我国的推和发展。为此,作者根据自己近年来的研究及国内外有关论著编写本书,其目的在于向各专业本科生、研究生及广大工程技术人员全面介绍遗传算法和遗传规划的基本知识、基本理论和基本技术,使这一学科在我国得到莲勃的发展书共分5章:第1章是全书的概述。本章通过两个示例揭示遗传算法和遗传规划的特征。第2章全面介绍遗传算法的基本原理。它包括方法步骤、计算机理及各种算子,其中模式理论是遗传算法的理论基础第3章全面介绍遗传规划的基本原理及各种算子,其中有些法可推广用于遗传算法中。第4章是关于遗传算法的应用情况,限于篇幅这里只介绍四个方面的应用。第5章通过四个领域中的应用,介绍遗传规划的应用情况。本书由西安建筑科技大学云庆夏、黄光球、王战权编著,毋建宏参加本书的校对工作。限于作者水平,书中缺点和错误在所难免,恳请读者批评指作者996.10目录绪论會■早■司鲁郾■曾鲁■血會白■■■申■■■白·會中■會自『會自申■■早中“■鲁曾會『■會罩1■■血『■■■■口1.1生物的进化与遗传曾曾忄·■中中中■1q自『鲁·曾『曾中■中早看产q會會■卓會2遗传算法示例1.3遗传算法秆遗传规划的特征山·■山4哂自西101.4历史回顏与展望…162遗传算法………2.1遗传算法的实施■昏■鲁■212.2模式理论………………,…………322.3遗传算法的算子503遗传规划P山口血詈■■q血■■"口■画甲■■■t■■由口b■晋■口■■白d督甘晋鲁血甲583.1概述如卓●刂昏卓昌甲甲卓●口●昏甲即4甲罍歌●ψ··ψ斷●■■司P●■歌白■島看583.2遗传规划基本原理舂ψ·咖■●自●↓··●■■■仙●■■晕司■·■讠;●■卧看■683.3辅助算子……………………………………………803,4控制参数……853.5模式理论…864遗传算法的应用■894.1概述………………894.2遗传算法在结构优化中应用……se3遗传算法在非线性优化中的应用9644遗传算法在输电系统规划中的应用………………101基于漶传算法的机器学习系统■■口■中白■■■ψ··卩自■195传规划的应用4●■■中自■●中■鲁晋■甲卓晋●画昏斷卩■■顰斷『甚日■口斷1231遗传规划在符号回归中的应用5.2最优控制……………………………………13853人工蚂蚁问题……14754布尔复合算子………………………………………153参文献■司■■司■■■■●『■·冒………4160I1绪论11生物的进化与传遗传算法和遗传规划是受生物进化学说和遗传学说的启发而发展起来的。因此,有必要首先简单回顾生物学的有关内容,以便深入了解遗传算法和遗传规划的本来面貌。不过,读者也可以跳过本节直接阅读下一节1】.1生物的进化地球上的生物,都是经过长期进化而形成的。解释生物进化的学说,主要是达尔文的自然选择学说。该学说的主要内容为:(1)不断繁殖。地球上的生物具有很强的繁殖能力,能产生许多后代。(2)生存竞争。生物的不断繁殖使后代的数目大量增加,而在自然界中生物赖以生存的资源是有限的。因此,为了生存,生物就需要竞争3)适者生存。生物在生存竞争中,根据对环境的适应能力,适者生存,不适者消亡,这是自然选择的结果。4〉遗传和变异。生暂在繁殖过程中,通过遗传,使物种保持相似。与此同时,由于变异,物种会产生差剜,甚至形成新物遗传算法和遗传规划,就是借用生物进化的规律,通过繁殖、遗传、变异、竞争,实现优胜劣汰,一步一步地逼近问题的最优解。因此,它们又被称为进化计算( Evolutionary Computation)。1.z细胞、染色体与DNA1.i.2.1细胞细胞是生物结构和功能的基本单位。细胞通常由细胞膜、细胞质与细胞核三部分组成。细胞膜是细胞最外面的一层薄膜,它把细胞内的物质与外界分隔,起到保护细胞的作用。细胞质是介于细胞膜和细胞核之间的原生质,是透明的胶状物。细胞核是细跑的最内层,是遗传物质贮存和复制的场所。细胞核由核膜、染色质、核液组成11.2.2染色体细胞核中的染色质是一些容易被碱性染料染成深色的物质。逍常,染色质为细长的丝,交织成网状。在细胞分裂期,细胞核内长丝状的染色质高度螺旋化,缩短变粗,形成光学显微镋可以看见的染色体。因此,染色体是染色质在细胞分裂时的一种待殊表现。1.1.2.3DNA染色体主要由蛋白质和DNA组成。DNA又称脱氧核糖核酸,是灬种高分子化合物。组成它的基本单位是脱氧核苷酸,后者又由磷酸、脱氧核糖和含氮碱基三者组成。DNA含四种含氮碱基,即:腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤〔G)、胞嘧啶(C〉和胸腺嘧啶T)。DNA的结构是有规则的双螺旋结构,由两条平行的脱氧核苷酸长链盘旋而成,两条链上的碱基通过氢链连结起来,形成碱基对。碱基对只有两种配对方式:A与T配对,C与G配对1.13生物的遗传与变异1.1.3.1传物质生物上下代之间传递遗传信息的物质,称作遗传物质。绝大多数生物的遗传物质是1NA。由于细胞里的DNA大部分在染色体上,因此,遗传物质的主要载体是染色体。生物所以具有遗传现象,是与遗传物质DNA分子的复制有关系的,DNA分子的复制过程始图1-1所示。首先,DNA的两股双螺旋链分离开。然后,以解开的毎股链(母链)为模板,按照碱基互补配对原则,合成出与母链互补的子链。新生成的子链不浙延伸,与相应的母链互相盘绕组成螺旋结构,形成一个新的DNA分子。这样,一个DNA分子就形成两个DNA分子,每条链的碱基序列都和祖体相同,使亲代的遗传信息传递给子代0[j[G】R◇c3OK CH干篮链图1-1DNA分子复制l一解旋:2—碱基配对;3—形成新DNA分子◇一脱氬核糖;一磷酸11.3.2基因基因是控制生物遗传的物质单元,它是有遗传效应的DNA片段。每个基因含有成百上干个脱氧核苷酸。它们在染色体上呈线性排列,这种排列顺序就代表遗传信息
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Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdf
Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdfRino micheloni· Luca Crippa· Alessia marelliInside nand flashMemoriesSpringerRino micheloniLuca CrippaIntegrated Device TechnologyForward InsightsAgrate BrianzaNorth yorkItalCanadarino. micheloni@ieee. orgluca.crippa @ieee.orgAlessia marelliIntegrated Device Technologyagrate brianzaItalylessiamarelli@gmail.comISBN97890-481-9430-8e-ISBN97890-481-9431-5DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9431-5Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New YorkLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2010931597O Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the wor Ose ofpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpoCover design: eStudio Calamar SLPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceIn the last decade Flash cards became the most important digital storage supportIt is difficult to identify a single killer application(digital photography, MP3digital video, ...)or whether the success of this media support is due to itsusability in different applications. It is also difficult to state whether the recentlution in the infotainment area has been triggered by the availability of high-performance NAND Flash memories or if the extraordinary success of Flash cardsis a consequence of the establishment of new applicationsIn any case, independently of the cause-effect relationship linking new digitalapplications and Flash cards, to realize how NANd Flash memories entered in ourdaily life, it is sufficient to imagine as they would change our recent habits if theNAND memories disappeared suddenly. To take a picture it would be necessary tofind a film (as well as a traditional camera .), disks or even magnetic tapes wouldbe used to record a video or to listen a song, and a cellular phone would return tobe a simple mean of communication rather than a console for an extendedentertainmentThe development of nand Flash memories will not be set down on the mereevolution of these digital systems since a new killer application can trigger a furthersuccess for this memory support: the replacement of Hard Disk Drives(HDD)with Solid State Drives (SSD)The advantages of Ssd with respect to HDD are countless(higher read/writspeed, higher mechanical reliability, random access, silent operation, lower powerconsumption, lower weight, .. ) Nevertheless, the cost per gigabyte is stillsignificantly favorable to hDd and the success of ssd will depend only on theperformances that they will succeed in reachingThe present book, the fourth authored by rino micheloni and coworkers afterVLSI-Design of Non-volatiles Memories, Memories in Wireless Systems and ErrorCorrection Codes for Non-volatile Memories, all published by Springer, tacklesall the main aspects related to NANd Flash memories, from the physicaltechnological, and circuit issues to their use in Flash cards and SsdsAfter an extended market overview(Chap. 1), Chap 2 has been conceived as aguide for the entire book, so that the reader can directly reach the heart of theproblems that interest himThe following chapters deepen physical and technological aspects. In particularChaps. 3 and 4 tackle technological and reliability issues of traditional FloatingGate NAND memories, respectively, while the state-of-the-art of charge trappingtechnologies is effectively summarized in Chap 5Ⅴ i PrefaceThe central part of the book is dedicated to circuit issues: logic( Chap. 6),sensing circuits(Chaps. 8 and 9)and high voltage blocks( Chaps. 1l and 12)Other basic topics related to circuit aspects are also analyzed, such as theimplementation of Double Data Rate interfaces( Chap. 7), while multilevel storage(2 bits per cell) is presented in Chap. 10Techniques adopted to increase memory reliability and yield are discussedin Chaps. 13 and 14, the former dealing with redundancy, the latter with ErrorCorrection Codes. The test flux used by nand memories manufactures is describedin Chap 15Chapter 16 focus on nand devices storing 3 and 4 bits per cell that allowreaching the lower cost per gigabyte and that will conquer, in the next few years,the market of consumer applicationsThe last chapters are dedicated to the two most popular systems based onNAND memories: Flash cards( Chap. 17)and SsD(Chap. 18). The relationshipbetween Nand memories and system performances are highlightedFinally, Chap. 19 describes the effects of ionizing radiations on non-volatilememories, to understand whether NaNd memories can be safely used in spaceand military applicationsProf. Piero olivoDean of the Engineering FacultyUniversity of ferrara, ItalyAcknowledgementsAfter completing a project like a technical book, it is very hard to acknowledgeall the people who have contributed directly or indirectly with their work anddedicationFirst of all, we wish to thank all the authors of the contributed chaptersWe have to thank mark de Jongh for giving us the possibility of publishing thiswork and cindy zitter for her continuous supportLast but not least, we keep in mind all our present and past colleagues for theirsuggestions and fruitful discussionsRino. Luca and alessiaTable of contentsPrefaceAcknowledgementsvIII Market and applications for nand Flash memoriesGregory Wong2 NAND overview: from memory to systemsR. Micheloni, A Marelli and S. Commodaro3 Program and erase of Nand memory arrays55Cristoph Friederich4 Reliability issues of NAND Flash memoriesC. Zambelli. a. Chimenton and p. olivo5 Charge trap nand technologies115Alessandro grossi6 Control logic131A Marelli.R Micheloni andR. ravasio7 NAND DDR interface161Andrea silvagni8 Sensing circuits197L. Crippa and R. micheloni9 Parasitic effects and verify circuits235L. Crippa and R. michelonO MLC Storage261L Crippa and R Micheloni11 Charge pumps, voltage regulators and HV switchesR Micheloni and L Crippa
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