Lumped Elements for RF and Microwave Circuits (Bahl 2003)
Lumped Elements for RF and Microwave Circuits英文版，射频微波电路入门Lumped Elements for RFand microwave circuitsFor a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Microwave library,turn to the back of this bookLumped Elements for RFand microwave circuitsInder bahlArtech houseBoston londonwww.artechhouse.comLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBahl, I.J.Lumped elements for RF and microwave circuits /Inder Bahlp cm.--(Artech House microwave libraryncludes bibliographical references and indexISBN 1-58053-309-4(alk. paper1. Lumped elements(Electronics) 2. Microwave integrated circuits. 3. Radiofrequency integrated circuits. 4. Passive components. I. Title. II. SeriesTK7874.54B342003621.38132-dc212003048102British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataBahl, I. J. Inder jit)Lumped elements for RF and microwave circuits.-(Artech House microwave library1. Radio circuits 2. Microwave circuits I. Title621.38412ISBN1-58053-3094Cover design by Igor Valdmar2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.685 Canton StreetNorwood Ma 02062All rights reserved Printed and bound in the United States of America. no part of this bookmay be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permissionn writing from the publisherall terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have beenappropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Useof a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or servicemarkInternational Standard Book Number: 1-58053-309-4Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 200304810210987654321To my adorable grandsons, Karan and Rohan Kaushal, with whom I play, cry,and laugh, and who have provided me with the idea and inspiration towrite this bookContentsPrefaceXVAcknowledgmentsXXIntroduction1.1 History of Lumped Elcements)Why Use Lumped Elements for rF andMicrowave circuits1.3 L, C, R Circuit Elements1.4 Basic Design of Lumped Elements4.1 Capacitor1.4.2 Inductor4.3 Resistorumped-Element Modelin1. 6 Fabrication1.7 ApplicationsReferencesInductors2.1 IntroductionLumped Elements for RF and Microwave Circuits2.2 Basic Definitions2.2.1 Inductance2.2.2 Magnetic Energy182.2.3 Mutual Inductance202. 2. 4 Effective Inductance202.2.5Imedang2.2.6 Time Constant2.2.7 Quality Factor222.2.8 Self-Resonant Frequency232.2.9aximum Current Ratin2.2.10 Maximum Power Rating2.2.11 Other Parameters232.3 Inductor Configurations242.4 Inductor models2. 4. 1 Analytical Models252.4.2 Coupled-Line Appiroach282.4.3 Mutual Induse arppi342.4.4 Numerical Approach362.4.5 Measurement-Based model382.5 Coupling Between Inductors452.5. 1 Low-Resistivity Substrates2.5.2 High-Resistivity Substrates462.6 Electrical Representations2.6. 1 Series and Parallel representations2.6.2 Network Representations51References52Printed Inductors573.1 Inductors on Si Substrate583.1.1 Conductor Loss3.1.2 Substrate Loss3. 1.3 Layout Considerations3.1.4 Inductor Model3. 1.5 Q-Enhancement Techniques3.1.6 Stacked-Coil Inductor803.1.7 Temperature Dependence84
- 2021-05-07下载
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一种改进的TOA——AOA混合定位算法
混合定位中很不错的一篇文章，看过之后很受启发在TOA和AOA误差服从零均值的高斯分布时,以上⑧无AOAQ阵中AOATOA/AOA混合定位算法的克拉美一罗下界(CRLB)为:校准离差取rP=(GQG)90Q阵中AOA校准离差取(x-x1)/其中:G=(x-x r(y-m)/r(19)洲6050(x)2(+(y-y))(x-x)(+(y-y)0.020.040.060080.100.12(x-x1)AOA标准离差(stda,单位radx-图1都市环境中算法性能比较3仿真与分析为了检验和比较算法在实际蜂窝网络信道环境中的定位性能,假定在一蜂窝网络中,小区半径为2500m,参与TOA测量的BS为服务BS和4个相邻的BS,其位置坐标分别为(0,0),(4330,2500),(4330,2500),(0,5000),(-4330,2500)。假定由测量系统造成的TOA测量误差服从均值为0,方差为30米的高斯分布,信道环境造成的NIOS误差满是TP1.5信道模型14,服务BS始终能够提供AOA,AOA测量误差服从均值为0和一定标准差的高斯分布。图1为都市环境中假定只有服务BS能视距(LOS)传播时,MS在服务小区内均匀分布,在不同AOA标准差下算法定位误差在125m内的概率。图中可见,Q矩阵中σα的取值对算法定位性能有很大影响,在AOA标准差较小时用TOA测量值η近似替代σa能取得更好的定位性能,这是由于WLS算法采用了Q阵加权。此外,120只要AOA测量值达到一定精度(标准差小于一定值),采用10-10A-A0A00TOAAOA混合定位法就能取得比单纯TOA定位更好的性能。图29080为乡村环境中在不同AOA标准差下,由单纯TOA及 TOA/AOA70定位法(Q矩阵中取n=r)得到的由均方根误差(RMSE)表示的定位性能。由图2可见,乡村环境中由于TOA测量精度较高,30对AOA的精度要求也高。只有当AOA标准差更小(小于10-3)AOA标准离差(og)时,混合定位算法才能取得比单纯TOA定位更好的性能。图2乡村环境中算法性能比较为了检验MS与服务BS距离对算法定位性能的影响,在一般都市环境中可以假定MS位于与服务BS具有不同距离的两个位置(1200,0)和(2400,0)分别进行定位估计,五个BS具有非视距TOA测量值的概率分别为:0、0.2、04、0.6、0.8、1,服务BS能够提供的AOA测量误差分别服从均值为0,标准差为01、0.0lrad的高斯分布,Q矩阵中用r近似替代σn,对每个位置在每种条件下分别进行100次测量,算法在无AOA及具有两种标准差的AOA时的定位结果(RMSE)如图3、4所示仿真结果表明:AOA参与卜AOA标准离差=001AOA标准离差=0,01定位只有在AOA本身误差不大AOA标准离差=0.1AOA标准离差=0.1无AOA无AOA的情况下,才能对定位性能有改200善;如果AOA本身误差增大150则对TOA定位结果并不会有改l00善;MS距离服务BS越近,则50采用混合定位算法的效果越好。00.00.204060.810000.20.40.608104结论BS非视距概率Bs非视距概率图3个同标准差时算法图4不同标准差时算法本文的分析和仿真结果表性能比较(1200,0)性能比较(2400,0)明,只要服务BS提供的AOA测量值达到一定精度,合理选择Q矩阵中AOA标准差取值,本文提出的 TOA/AOA混合定位算法就o1994-2012ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPUblishingHouseAllrightsreservedhttp:/www.cnki.neto1994-2012ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPUblishingHouseAllrightsreservedhttp:/www.cnki.net
- 2020-12-02下载
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