ansoft Maxwell 3d教程.pdf
ansoft Maxwell 3d 向导式的用户界面、精度驱动的自适应剖分技术和强大的后处理器时的Maxwell 3D成为业界最佳的高性能三维电磁设计软件。可以分析涡流、位移电流、集肤效应和邻近效应具有不可忽视作用的系统，得到电机、母线、变压器、线圈等电磁部件的整体特性。功率损耗、线圈损耗、某一频率下的阻抗（R和L）、力、转矩、电感、储能等参数可以自动计算。同时也可以给出整个相位的磁力线、B和H分布图、能量密度、温度分布等图形结果。本文件是软件使用教程.希望能帮助大家·Printing HistorNew editions of this manual include material up dated since theprevious edition. The manual printing date, indicating the manualscurrent edition, changes w hen a ncw edition is printed. Minorcorrections and updates incorporated al reprint do not cause the daleto changeUpdate packages may be issued betw een editions and containadditional and/ or rep lacement pages to be merged into the manualby the user Pages which are rearranged because of changes on aprevious page are not considered to be revised.EditionDateSoftwareRevisionFebruary 1991April 199212December 1993October 19964.1September 19995.06December 20006.0WWW⊥nmTypeface ConventionsComputerCter type is used fon promptsand messages, for field names, and for keyboard entries that must be ty ped in theirentirety exactly as shown. For example, thenstruction"copy filel"means to type the w ordcopy, to type a space. and then to type filelMenu/Command Computer type is also used to display the commands that are needed to perform a specifictask Menu levels are separated by forwardslashes (/) For example, the instructionhoose File/Open"means to choose the Opencommand under the file menuItalicsItalic type is used for emphasis and for thetitles of manuals and other publications. Italictype is also used for key board entries when aname or a variable must be typed in place ofthe words in italics. For example, the instruc-rion“ copy filename” means to type the wordcopy, to type a space, and then to type then amc of a filc. such as filelKeysHelvetica type is used for labeled keys on thecomputer keyboard. For example, the instruc-tion"Press Return?"means to press the key onthe com puter that is lahcled Returnwww.docin.coInstallationBefore you use Maxwell 3D, you must1. Set up your systems graphical windowing systerm2. Install the Maxwell softw are, using the directions in theAnsell PC or UNIX Installation guideIf you have not yet done these steps, refer to the ansoft installetionguides and the documentation that came w ith your computer systemor ask your system administrator for helpsing a Graphical User InterfaceIf you are familiar with the concepts of using a mouse, menus, andother graphical user interface(GUn)tools, skip to Chapter 1“ IntroductionIf you have not used GuI systems before, this section will help youunderstand some of the terminology used in this guide. Since GUIare basically visual, the best way to learn to use them is by practicingon your systemMost gui systcms usc a mouseas a poinTing device, with whichyou can select areas on the screenfor command execution andmoving from one program toanother. Your mouse may have 2www.door 3 buttons; Maxwell 3D ignoresthe middle button on 3-buttondelsAnsoft products donot usc this button. You canprogram mouse buttons to work in non-standard ways, as you mightwant to if you are left-handed. For simplicity, the left-hand hutton(under your forefinger if you are right-handed) is called the leftbutton, and the one on far right is the right mouse button. You willprobably find the terms intuitive once you use these buttons a fewtimesPoint and click; Right clickTo choose an item with the mouse, first move it on your desk until thearrow cursor is on that item; you are now pointing" at the item. Next,ress and release the left bu tton thlled"clicking " Point-andclick is the most common action you will make with your mouseally, click" refers to a lefise button clickYou can sometimes use your right mouse button to access or entercommands. In the 3d Modeler for instance, a right mouse buttonclick causes a short menu of commands to appear at the moustcursor. Generally, right click "refers to a right mouse button clickDouble-ClickOccasionally you may want to sclect all of thc text in a box,orperform a special lask(such as indicating the end of drawing a linewhile you are using Maxwell 3D. You can do this efficiently byquickly clicking twice with your left mouse button -a doubleDragging objects; Click and HoldWhen you are drawing in the 3D Modeler, you can often use yourmouse to enter objects and move around the screen. Frequently, youwill click the mouse button and hold it down until the next part of thecommand is reached (the object is oved, the next point is enteredand so forth). If you click and hold on the edge of a w indow, you canposition, or drag, the window on your screen. You can often dragobjects in Maxwell; experiment to see w hat will moveTool BarsTool bars are shortcut methods for entering commands. There is atool bar in the 3d Modeler and most of the setup modules for severalcommand s. To use a tool bar. click the mouse cursor on the buttonyou want to use. Here is an example of a tool bar囗。圖哦良风≌固函MenusWithin each screen of maxwell 3d are areas w hich list subsets ormenus,of commands. You can access a menu by clicking your mouseon the word or button that indicates the menu. The menu is pulleddown, listing the commands available on that menu. (For examplethc New command is availablc on the File mcnu. Usually, thc mcnuwill remain displayed until you choose a command, or click on thedesktop to exit. If the menu does not remain displayed, click and holdthe mouse button, then release the button to make your choiceFile Edit viewNewopenCloseSavectrl+SSave AsImportExportExitctrl+QAn arrow on the right side of a command indicates that there is asubmenu for that command. An ellipsis (. )indicates that a pop-upwindow appears aftcr choosing this commandWhen you are asked to use a menu command, each level is separatedby a"/". Thus, to zoom in on a drawing, you would choose the viewLoom In menu command To open a new file, you would choose File/There are also pop-up menus, which appear when you righL-click ona maxwell modeler window. choose commands from thcsc menus inthe same way as from menu barsFor more information on using GUIs, refer to"User Interface"in theMaxwell Control Panel,s online help systemOther ReferencesFor detailed information on Maxwell 3d commands refer to theonline documentation for the maxwell 3d field simulatorTo start maxwell 3d, you must first access the maxwell controlPanel. for more detailed inform ation on the maxwell control panelcommands, refer to the Maxwell Control Panels online help systemwww.docin.comTable of Contents1. Introduction1-1General Procedure.1-2The Sample Problem1-4Meshes.....,,,,,,,,面2. Create aAccess the maxwell Control Panel·:.·:·甲,,,,,,,,,,2-2Start the Project managerCreate a Project directoryCreate a New project··,···············,·,,,,,,,,,,2-6Enter notes2-73. Draw the model3-1Open the project3-2Start. the 3D Modeler3-3Side window........................snaps3-6Define the problem region: Coordinates and Units ..,...... 3-7Absolute and relative coordinates3-7Grids3-7Zooming in and out of the view window3-9Create the electromagnet3-10Draw the Coil...,,.,..,3-10Draw thc Circlc........,..,...,,,......,..........3-10Create the Cylinder,,3-11Create the hole for the Core3-12Draw the Core·中··············3-13SavingP3-14Create the magnel翻...3-15Draw the magnet3-15Move the magnet3-15Toggle Off the Background..................3-16Create a termini..........,,,,,..,,,,......,,,..3-17Create the Coil terminal..........,,......,,,.,..3-18Define the Problem Region;..,;;“;##.3-20Define the Problem Region .................. 3-21Shading and rendering . ......................................3-22Exit the 3d modeler3-234 Define The problemAccess the Material Manager4-2Exclude the background·····+···,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.4-2Assign Steel to the CoreAssign Copper to the Coil4-3Assign vacuum to the problem Region.......4.......4-3Assign NdFe35 to the Magnet4-3Access the 3D Boundary/Source Manager45assign a current to the coil.....4-6Define the sourceAssigning the Source lo the Termina.........,..,,,,∴4-64-7Check the Direction of the CurrentExit the 3D Boundary/Source Manager4-85. Generate a Solution5-1Setup executive Parameters······5-2Create a Force Setup for the Magnet.5-3Create a Force Setup for the Coil and Core5-3Create a Force Setup for the entire model·········Exiting the Executive Parameters moduleSpecifying Solution Criteria·非5-5Solver type11翻自。■非非首·····:.··.·Magnetic Field SolveResidualSolve for Field and Parameters+++++++++++++++++++++;,+“++Adaptive analysisContents-2
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基于fpga的自适应滤波器
关于自适应滤波器的fpga实现，对于想学数字滤波器的和fpga的同学来说非常好基于FPGA的自适应滤波器设计摘要数字滤波器较模拟滤波器相比,具有信噪比髙,过渡带性能好,髙可靠性及可扩展性,设计灵活方便的优势,应用范围越米越广。随着专用数字信号处理芯片的发展,数字滤波器的可实现性能以及处理速度得到了极大的提升,FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)作为一种新型数字信号处理芯片,具有数字信号处理速度快、数据并行处理并且利用硬件编程语言直接进行硬件设计等特点,自适应滤波器的FPGA设计以及优化方法,是目前的一个研究热点。本文对自适应滤波器进行 Matlab仿真,以对其结构特性以及运算特点进行了解,利用 Matlab生成测试信号与FPGA仿真软件 Modelsim进行联合设计以及行为仿貞,采用 Altera公司的 Cyclone IV系列芯片EP4CE15F17C8为载体的开发板进行设计仿真,在设计过程中,充分利用FPGA可以并行处理以及快速的数字信号处理的特点进行针对性的结构设计。在此基础上做了以下工作。在充分了解滤波器,自适应横向滤波器,自适应陷波滤波器以及FFT变换原理的基础上,选择并搭建∫设计平台,在目前自适应横向滤波器的FPGA设计的研究基础上,采用模块化的设计方法,单独设计可重复调用的串行FR滤波模块以及串行LMS杖值更新模块,对两种模块的设计以及综合分别进行了设计以及仿真实验,通过并行调川两种不同模块,每种调用四个的方式设计一个16阶的滤波器为例来阐述模块化设计方法,并设计32阶64阶分别与仝串行以及仝并行设计方式的处理速率以及逻辑资源调用进行比较,结果说明运算速率与并行调用模块数量成正比,远快于全串行结构的设计方式,并且对于64阶仝并行系统来说,极大的减少了硬件资源的消万方数据耗,提髙了设计灵活性。在此设计的基础上,针对传统自适应陷波滤波器的滤波频夲固定不变的缺陷,提出了一种频域变换法检测噪声特征频夲,并可以根据特征噪声频率实时改变陷波频率的滤波器设计方法,为了减小设计复杂性,研究了符号LMS自适应陷波器算法,通过 Matlab仿真实验选取符号的特征变量。并对噪声信号提取算法进行了介绍和设计仿真,最终设计出根据噪声频率自动调节陷波中心频率的自适应陷波滤波器,并对滤波器性能进行了 Modelsim仿真研究,自适应陷波器具有能有效的滤除对应频的单频噪声信号,并且根据噪声的频率特性自动调节滤波频率的特点。针对两种自适应滤波器的FPGA设计,体现了FPGA在自适应滤波器设计时灵活性以及针对性,两种不同类型的自适应滤波器,可以分别适用于普通数字滤波器无法有效发挥作用的场合,同时本文的设计方法对其它类型数字信号处理系统的FPGA实现具有一定参考价值关键词:现场可编程门阵列,自适应横向滤波器,模坎化设计,自适应陷波器万方数据DESIGN OF ADAPTIVE FILTER BASED ON FPGAABSTRaCTCompared with analog filter, digital filter has the advantages of high signalto noise ratio, good performance of transition zone, high reliability andexpansibility, flexible and convenient design and application With developmentof special digital signal processing chip, digital filter Can achieve performanceand processing speed has been greatly improved, the realization of the use of thebetter performance of digital chip design more complex filter, so that the adaptivefilter realization and application become possible, FPGA (field programmablegate array) is a new type of digital signal processing chip, with parallel processingof data and Can use hardware programming language directly the characteristicsof the hardware design, is currently a hot research topic for study of adaptive filteris implemented on FPgaThe matlab simulation of the adaptive filter to understand the characteristicsof the structure and opcration characteristics, and the use of Matlab generatingtest signals and FPGA simulation software Modelsim joint behavior simulation ofFPGa design, then to Altera cyclone Iv series chip ep4cel5f17c8 as the carrierof the development board for simulation design. in the design process, make fulluse of FPGa parallel processing and fast digital signal processing for structuraldesign On this basis, the following work has been doneThe filter needed to fully understand, adaptive transversal filter, adaptivenotch filter and Fft transform based on the principle of selection and build adesign platform, first in the basic research of current FPGA adaptive transversalfilter realization, using modular design method, the structure is divided into singleand serial FiR filter module serial LMS weight update module, the design of thetwo modules and integrated were designed, and simulation experiments, through万方数据the parallel call two different modules, each call the four way to design a 1 6 orderfilter as an example to illustrate the modular design method, and design of 32order and 64 order respectively with serial and the processing rate parallel designmethods and logic resources call were compared. The results show that theoperation rate and parallel call module is proportional to the number, far faster Inthe whole serial design mode, and for the 64 order all parallel system, greatlyimprove the design flexibility, reduce the consumption of hardware resourcesAfter the design on this basis, the traditional adaptive trapped wave filter, filterfrequency fixed defects, put forward a method of frequency domain transformdetection noise characteristic frequency, and can change in real time accordingto the characteristics of noise frequency trapped wave frequency filter designmethods, in order to reduce the design complexity and the sign LMs adaptivenotch filter algorithm, the characteristic variables of the symbol is determinedthrough the simulation experiment of Matlab. And the noise signal extractionalgorithm are introduced and the simulation design, the final design according tofrequency noise automatically adjust the trapped wave frequency adaptive notchfilter, and on the performance of the filters were Modelsim simulation researchthe adaptive notch filter has CaN effectively filter on the frequency of the singlefrequency noise signal, and does not affect the characteristics of waveforms usefulFor the fpga design of two based on the lms adaptive algorithm of filterreflecting the FPGa in the adaptive filter design flexibility and uniqueness, twodifferent types of adaptive filter can be respectively applicable to ordinarydigital filter Can not effectively play the role of occasions, also the designmethod of other types of digital signal processing system based on FPGaimplementation has a certain reference valueKEY WORDS: FPGA, Adaptive transversal filter, Modular design, Adaptivenotch filter万方数据目录摘要ABSTRACT··,··*···第·章绪论…1.1研究目的与意义1.1.1数字滤波器简介·················+··*····+··········*···:··.*····…···*········:··+*·········1.1.2基于FPGA的自适应滤波器研究意义·“中,非2国内外研究现状1.2.1自适应滤波器研究现状122自适应滤波器的FPGA实现研究现状·······申中···申1.3课题的主要研究内谷··B申61.3.1课题的主要工作1.3.2课题的研究实现方案…4本章小结第二章自适应陷波滤波器的原理以及实验平台2.自适应滤波器理论介绍·····中中·········中·中·"中··中·中····中····申2.1.1IR与FIR滤波器简介2.12LMS算法原理132.1.3自适应陷波器的原理15214FFT变换的原理··p··中··中··,和p申·和中中····中·申22设计平台介绍2022.1自适应滤波器的设计平台20222自适应陷波滤波器接2223本章小结24第三章自适应横向滤波器的FPGA实现..273.1自适应滤波器的 Matlab仿真研究…····中中中申·中申···申申p中申·中申··申p申中273.1.1自适应滤波器的功能仿真研究273.2自适应滤波器的滤波收敛性能研究方法…83.1.3自适应滤波器的收敛性能研究….30万方数据3.2自适应滤波器的FPGA模块化设计333.2.1自适应滤波器FPGA模块化设计原理333.22FIR串行模块的设计申·中p申申,申申申·申和中p申申非申·p;申p申·非申·申新申中和申p申和·申·申P申申·申申申p申p343.2.3LMS串行模块的设计35324自适应滤波器多级处理结构整体设计363.2.5结构特性分析393.3木章小结···非中中非第四章自适应陷波滤波器的FPGA设计41符号LMS算法的梯度特征值选择及系统结构设计.414.1.1符号LMS算法的梯度特征值选择4141.2FIR自适应陷波滤波器系统结构设计42噪声信号分析以及参考信号频率值提取……1464.2.1FFT变换的功能464.2.2FFT变换的参数介绍42.3 FFT IP核的调试以及功能测试……4842.4特征噪声频率提取算法.…43自适应陷波模块的设计非··申申中431自适应波器的 Matlab仿真43.2自适应陷波器FPGA设计时的数据截取方法554.3.3白适应陷波器模块的FPGA设计56434自适应陷波器的整体设计6044采用频域变换法自适应陷波器滤除工频噪声.44.1提高系统实时性的方法6144.2模拟与实验验证45木章小结·········65第五章总结与展望DD67参考文献致谢75攻读学位期间发表的学术论文目录77ⅤI万方数据太原理工大学硕上饼究生学位论文第一章绪论1.1研究目的与意义滤波器从1917年发明以米,已经有近一个世纪的发展史1,滤波器的发明也极大的推进了电了器件以及通信的发展。计算机技术以及集成电路的技术的发展又使滤波器产生飞跃式的发展,各科数字电路以及模拟开关电路元件体积越来越小,密度越来越高,直接催生了集成芯片式RC有源滤波器,开关电容滤波器以及数字滤波器。使滤波器的应用范围再一次扩大,不仅仅在通信领域,在医学,电气,图像处理等领域也起到了举足轻重的作用。1.1.1数字滤波器简介数字滤波器作为数字信号处理的一部分,是随着计算机以及数字器件的发展而发展起来的一门比较新的技术,尤其近几年来,数字处理芯片以及数字信号处理技术的发展使得数字滤波器的优点越米越突出,现代数字滤波器可以轻易实现将过渡带缩短到Iz以內,这点是模拟滤波器无法达到的性能指标。数字滤波器比模拟滤波器还有更优越的信噪比、可靠性以及灵活性和可扩展性,并且随着数字集成电路的发展,制作成本将会越来越低S。目前使用比较多的滤波器设计方法分别是无限冲击响应(IR)以及有限冲击响应(FR)波器,其屮由于FR滤波器可以很容易实现具有严格线性相位结构的滤波器,而IR滤波器要达到严格线性相位结构必须经过仝通网终线性相位矫正从而大大增加滤波器的阶数。FR滤波器由于其冲击响应有限,所以是个稳定系统。并且没有反馈环节,有利于其在使件上实现。所以FR滤波器以其独有的优势应用于线性相位结构的系统屮。近几年米,随着RLS以及LMS自适应算法的提出S,很多专家学者提出了利用自适应算法在数字系统上设计自适应滤波器,使滤波器的性能更加灵活,并且在对滤波器有特殊滤波要求的场合使用門,例如自适应陷波器常用在电气设备中滤除工频干扰而对其余频率信号几乎完全不产生影响,以及在通道失配屮采用自适应滤波原理进行矫正12,有些系统可以采用自适应算法达到抵消噪声千扰3,这些都是常规滤波器无法达万方数据基于FPGA的自适应滤波器设计到的性能指标。LMS算法以其简单的特性,可以在多和数字芯片上进行设计。尤其在FPGA上实现各种自适应滤波器14,是目前针对自适应滤波器方面的一个研究方向。1.1.2基于FPGA的自适应滤波器研究意义FIR与IR滤波器都是数字滤波器,即在数字系统上实现滤波器功能,而数字系统又分为软件数字系统实现以及硬件数字系统实现,软件数字系统实现最常用的例如使用MEATLAB或者 Labview进行编程实现15,其优点是可以自如的调节信号字长以及滤波步长,可以达到很高的精度,并且可以综合其它的处理功能为一体。缺点是接口比较单,必须接外置的采集卡,需要以计算机为载休休积往往很大。并且对信号的处理速度在相同糸件下要比硬件实现的滤波器系统要慢,并不能达到很好的实吋性,实际应用中只适用于屮、少量的数据后期分析以及对成本以及实时性要求不高的一些系统使用16。哽件芯片实现的数字滤波器实吋性要比PC杋软件好,并且硬件载体也比较多,如单片机、ARM类芯片,和专门用于数字信号处理的DSP芯片上均可以实现滤波器功能,但是其运算均为串行运算,(现场可编程门阵列)FPGA作为·种可编辑器件,不仅能实现上述所有芯片的功能,在资源配置合理的情况下,还能进行处理馍垬多重并行调用,即在个芯片上实现多个基本芯片同时处理的功能8,从而达到特别优异的数字信号处理功能,目前在图像处理等需要实时对大量数字信号进行滤波处理的领域,FPGA已经成为款不可或缺的芯片。但硬件设计数字滤波器的时候,山于数字滤波器的特殊性,在设计数字滤波器的时候,并没有现成的标准公式,这造成了很多数字滤波器并不能完全直接在硬件系统上实现,例如,FR数字滤波器,必须先利用软件工具得出FIR滤波器的各延迟抽头系数才能进行硬件设计,所以设计FIR滤波器的时候,是离不开计算机系统的,但是设计好的滤波器,可以脱离软件系统进行使用。由亍FR滤波器的本质就是一个标准的乘加运算集,恰好可以利用分布式算法实砚FIR滤波器,分布式算法的每个乘法运算屮必须有一个乘数为常数,这又与FPGA的基本逻辑单元査找表的功能相适应,利用査找表结构可以进行个常数乘数与·个变量相乘的运算,这样在实现FIR滤波器的时候,利用分布式算法,可以实现不使用或仅使用少量乘法器资源即可完成FR滤波器结构设计,FPGA的设计结构刚好与FIR滤波器的万方数据
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