ISO16750-3-2012
ISO16750-3-2012Road vehicles — Environmentalconditions and testing for electricaland electronic equipment —Part 3:Mechanical loadsContents PageForeword.............................................................................................................................................Iso16750-3:2012[EContentsPageForewordScope12Normative references1Terms and definitions4Tests and requirements4.1ibration4.2 Mechanical shock274.3 Free fall…294.4 Surface strength/ scratch and abrasion resistance294.5 Gravel bombardmentCode letters for mechanical loads29Documentation…,…………111111130Annex A (informative) Guideline for the development of test profiles for vibration tests.32Annex B (informative) Recommended mechanical requirements for equipment depending on themounting location44Bibliography46C ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EForewordISo (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standardsbodies (Iso member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried outthrough iso technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technicalcommittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internationaorganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the workIso collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters ofelectrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISo/IEC Directives, Part 2The main task of technical committees is to prepare lnternational standards. draft InternationalStandards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodiescasting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsIso 16750-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicle, Subcommittee SC 3,Electrical and electronical equipment.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (Iso 16750-3: 2007), which has beentechnically revisedISo 16750 consists of the following parts, under the general title road vehicles-Environmental conditionsand testing for electrical and electronic equipment:Part 1: GeneralPart 2: electrical loadsPart 3: Mechanical loadsPart 4: Climatic loadsPart 5: chemical loadso ISO 2012-All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARDIso16750-3:2012(E)Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical and electronic equipmentPart 3Mechanical loads1 ScopeThis part of IS0 16750 applies to electric and electronic systems/components for road vehicles. Itdescribes the potential environmental stresses and specifies tests and requirements recommended forthe specific mounting location on/in the vehicleThis part of iso 16750 describes mechanical loads2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments applies.Iso16750-1, Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical andelectronicequipment-Part 1: GeneralIEC 60068-2, 6, Environmental testing- Part 2-6: Testing, Test Fc: Vibration SinusoidalIEC60068-2, 14, Basicenvironmental testing procedures- Part 2-14: Tests-Test Nb: Change oftemperatureTEC 60068-2, 64, Environmental testing Part 2-64: Test methods -Test Fh -Vibration, broad-bandrandom(digital control)and guidanceIEC 60068-2, 80, Environmental testing- Part 2-80: Tests- Test Fi: Vibration - Mixed mode testingIEC 60068-2-31, Environmental testing procedures- Part 2: Tests; Test Ec: Free fall, Clause 5.23 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in Iso 16750-1 app4 Tests and requirements4.1 Vibration41.1 GeneralThe vibration test metho ds specified consider various levels of vibration severities applicable to on-board electrical and electronic equipment. It is recommended that the vehicle manufacturer andsupplier choose the test method, the environmental temperature and vibration parameters dependingon the specific mounting locationFollowing the expressions in MIL-STD please noticeC ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EWhen applied properly, the environmental management and engineering processes described in this partof Iso 16750 can be of enormous value in generating confidence in the environmental worthiness andoverall durability. However, it is important to recognize that there are limitations inherent in laboratorytesting that make itimperative to use proper caution and engineering judgement when extrapolating theselaboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, realworld environmental stresses (singularly orin combination cannot be duplicated practically or reliably intestlaboratories. Therefore, users of this part of Iso 16750 should not assume that a system or componentthat passes laboratory tests of this part of Iso 16750 would also pass field/ fleet verification trialsThe specified values are the best estimation one can get up to the moment when results frommeasurements in the car are received - but they do not replace a car measurement!The specified values apply to direct mounting in defined mounting locations. Using a bracket formounting can resultin higher or lower loads. If the device under test ( DUT)is used in the vehicle with abracket then all vibration and mechanical shock test shall be done with this bracketCarry out the vibration with the dut suitably mounted on a vibration table. The mounting method (sused shall be noted in the test report. Carry out the frequency variation by logarithmic sweeping of 0,5octave/minute for sinusoidal tests and the sinusoidal part of sine on random tests. The scope of therecommended vibration tests is to avoid malfunctions and breakage mainly due to fatigue in the fieldTesting for wear has special requirements and is not covered in this part of ISo 16750Loads outside of the designated test frequency ranges are to be considered separatelNOTE Deviations from the load on the DUT can result, should vibration testing be carried out according tothis part of Iso 16750 on a heavy and bulky dut, as mounting rigidity and dynamic reaction on the vibrator tableexcitation are different compared to the situation in the vehicle. This deviation can be minimized by applying theaverage control method(see Annex A)Application of the weighted average control method according to IEC 60068-2, 64 is to be agreed uponSubject the dut during the vibration test to the temperature cycle according to iEC 60068-2, 14, withelectric operation according to diagram 1. Alternatively, a test at constant temperature may be agreed onOperate the dutelectrically as indicatedin Figure l at Tmin(Short functional testafterthe dUT completelyreached Tmin). This functional test shall be as short as possible- only long enough to check the properperformance of the dUt. This minimizes self-heating of the dUT. Additional electrical operation of theDUT between 210 min and 410 min of the cycle (see Figure 1)Additional drying of test chamber air is not permittedIn the vehicle, vibration stress can occur together with extremely low or high temperatures; for thisreason, this interaction between mechanical and temperature stress is simulated in the test, too. afailure mechanism is, for example, a plastic part of a system/component, which mellows due to the hightemperature and cannot withstand the acceleration under this condition2o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[EYmax20aburditt0100200300400500600yY temperature[°C]x time [ minIa Operating mode 3.2 according to ISo 16750-1.b Operating mode 2. 1 according to ISo 16750-1One cycleFigure 1-Temperature profile for the vibration testTable 1- Temperature versus time for the vibration testTimeTemperaturemin°C0206040150-4021020300max41048020See Is016750-44.1.2 Tests4.1.2.1 Test I- Passenger car, engine4.1.2.1.1 PurposeThis test checks the dUt for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a piston engine can be split up into two kinds: Sinusoidal vibration which results from theunbalanced mass forces in the cylinders and random noise due to all other vibration-schemes of an engine,C ISO 2012-All rights reserved3Iso16750-3:2012Ee.g. closing of valves. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-roadconditions is taken into account. The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueNOTE 1 Road profile usually has negligible impact on engine-mounted components. Shock inputs are effectivelysolated by suspension, and engine-mounting systemsThe test profiles specified in the following clauses apply to loads generated by(four strokereciprocating enginesNotE 2 If the dut is to be tested for a specific resonance effect, then a resonance dwell test according to 8.3.2of IEC 60068-2, 6: 2007 can also be applied4.12.1.2Test4.1.2.1.2.1 GeneralIt is required to perform this test as a mixed mode vibration test according to IEC 60068-2, 80NOTE The test duration is based on A 4. The temperature in the chamher is above room temperature (rt)atthe end of the test (2 3/4 temperature cycles4.1.2.1.2.2 Sinusoidal vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 6, but using a sweep rate of s 0,5 octave/minute. Use a testduration of 22 h for each plane of the dUTUse curve l in Table 2/ Figure 2 for DUT intended for mounting on engines with 5 cylinders or fewerUse curve 2 in Table 2/Figure 2 for dUT test intended for mounting on engines with 6 cylinders or moreBoth curves may be combined to cover all engine types in one test2502001501005050100150200250300350400450500ⅩKeyamplitude of acceleration [m/s2IXfrequency [Hzcurve1(≤5 cylinders)curve 2(5 cylindersFigure 2- Vibration severity curves4o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[ETable 2- values for max acceleration versus frequencyCurve 1(see Figure 2FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHz100100200200240200270100440100Curve 2(see Figure 2)FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHm/s2100100150150440150CombinationFrequencyAmplitude of accelerationH1001001501502002002402002551504401504,1.21.2.3 Random vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 64. Use a test duration of 22 h for each plane of the DUTThe r.m.s. acceleration value shall be 181 m/s2The psd versus frequency are referred to in Figure 3 and Table 3NoTE The Power Spectral Density(PSD)values (random vibration] are reduced in the frequency range of thesinusoidal vibration testC ISO 2012-All rights reserved5Iso16750-3:2012EY100100,110100100010000KeyY PSD [(m/s2)2/HzX frequency [Hz]Figure 3- PSD of acceleration versus frequencyTable 3- Values for frequency and PsDFrequencyPSDH:(m/s2)2/Hz1010100103000,5150020200024.1.2.1.3 RequirementBreakage shall not occur.Functional status a see iso 16750-1) is required during operating mode 3.2 as defined in ISo 16750-1and functional status C during periods with other operating modes4.1.2.2 Test II-Passenger car, gearbox4.1.2.2.1 PurposeThis test checks the dut for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a gearbox can be split up into two kinds which result partly from sinusoidal vibrationfrom unbalanced mass forces of the engine(e. g dominating orders) in the frequency range from 100 Hzto 440 Hz and vibration from the friction of the gear wheels and other schemes, which are tested in therandom part. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-road conditionsis taken into account The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueChanging the gears can create additional mechanical shock and shall be considered separatey brationsThe test profiles specified in the following subclauses apply to loads generated by gearbox vibo ISO 2012-All rights reserved
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基于Gabor小波＋PCA＋LDA特征提取方法的人脸表情识别
基于Gabor小波＋PCA＋LDA特征提取方法的人脸表情识别20机电技术2011年12月=∑cm=∑mc×(-0509-n)U=(a-n(2×3.1415926)×vm第四步:初始模型确定下来以后,采用则将该待识别人脸表情判别为第讠类表情Baum- Welch算法对参数进行重估计,迭代调整模3人脸表情实验及分析型参数以达最优化。这样就完成了训练建模工作,获得了在粗分本文在JAFF( (Japanese Female Facial Expre类层次下代表7种人脸表情的HMM模型sso)表情数据库中进行实验。 JAFFE人脸表情库1=(A,B,n)(=1,2,…7)。由10个人,共213幅图像组成,每人都包含愤怒、23HMM人脸表情分类厌恶、恐惧、高兴、悲伤、惊讶和中性7种表情,每人每种表情2~4幅,每种表情共有27幅。对待识别的人脸表情图像,按本节22中模型本文实验与 Micael等的测试方法相似,把数训练步骤的第一步获得观察向量O,然后计算观据库中的210张图像分成3个部分,每个部分包含察向量O与已训练好的HMM模型1=(A,B,)10个人,且每个人包含7幅不同表情图像,每次使的似然概率P(O|λ)(=12,…,7)。通过用其中的一个部分训练各个表情的HMM模型,剩Forward -Backward算法来计算似然概率,如果下的两个部分用来测试。循环操作3次,然后对这P(O|4),ie(12…,7在P(O|4)(=1,2…,7)3次取平均值,得出表情识别率。本方法获取的表中最大,即情识别率见表1P(Oa )=max p(oa)表1人脸表情识别结果愤怒厌恶恐惧高兴中性悲伤惊讶识别率/%愤怒91.67厌恶5400009000恐惧559167高兴00095.00中性549000悲伤9333惊讶5693.33整体识别率92.14从表1中可以看出,本方法可以获得较好的表高的问题,提出了一种新的人脸表情识别方法。情识别率,但是,从实验中也可发现,不管是有本方法通过更加有效的 Gabor小波+PCA+LDA表没有减少分类类别数,实验中始终存在误识别。情特征提取方法,然后结合HMM模型建立7个对从实验数据库中发现,库中某些人的7种表情变化应基本表情+中性表情的模型,进行识别分类,并并不明显,即使人眼也无法确定其表情类别,以且取得了92.14%的整体识别率。同时,在实验中致算法在识别时出现错误。发现,由于人脸实验数据库中某些人的7种表情变4结论化并不明显,即使人眼也无法确定其表情类别,以致算法在识别时出现错误。本文针对目前人脸表情的整体识别率普遍不(下转第35页)第6期林彩丽等:磁流变阻尼器减振系统的分数阶微分方程研究[2] DROZDOVAD Mechanicsofviscoelasticsolids[M]. New York: John Wiley &Sons Ltd, 1998: 21-65[]LAKESR S. Viscoelastic solids[M]. London: CRC Press, 1998: 63-110[4] Stanway R, Sproston, J L, Stevens N G Non-liner modeling of an electrorheological vibration damper. J. Electrostatics,1987,20.[5]周强,瞿伟廉磁流变阻尼器的两种力学模型和试验验证地震工程与工程振动2002240).[6] Gamoto D R, Filisko F E Dynamic mechanical studies of electrorheological materials: moderate frequencies. I. Rheology,1991,35(3)[7]汪建晓孟光.磁流变阻尼器用于振动控制的理论及实验研究门]振动与冲击,2001,20(2)[8] Wen Y K Method of random vibration of hysteretic systems[]. Joumal of Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE,102(EM2),1976[9]Spencer Jr. B F, Dyke S J, Sain M K, Carlson, J D Phenomenological model of a magnetorheological damper. J Engrg. MechASCE1997,123[10薛定宇陈阳泉高等应用数学问题的 MATLAB解DM清华大学出版社,2010[l]周云谭平.磁流变阻尼控制理论与技术DM科学出版社200712]王振滨曹广义分数微积分的两种系统建模方法系统仿真学报,2004,64):810812(上接第20页)参考文献[1] ZHAO Quan-you, PAN Bao-chang, PAN Jian- jia, et al. Facial expression recognition based on fusion of Gabor and LBPfeatures[A]. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition[C], HongKong,IEEE,2008(8):362-367[2]Tang Fang-qi, Deng Ben-zai. Facial Expression Recognition using AAM and Local Facial Features [A]. In: Proceedings ofthe Third Intcmational Conference on Natural Computation[C], Haikou, China, IEEE, 2007(8): 632-635[3]陈培俊基于静态图像的人脸表情识别研究成都西南交通大学,2007[4] Lades M, Vorbruggen J C, Buhmann J. Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic linkarchitecture[].IEEE Transactions on Computers, IEEE, 1993, 42(3): 300-311[5]彭辉张长水荣钢等基于KL变换的人脸自动识别方法清华大学学报自然科学版,2007,37(6:6770[6]DudaR O, Hart P E, Stork DG Pattern Classification(second edition). New York: Wiley, 2001[7李云霞李治柱吴亚栋基于HMM的关键词识别系统门计算机工程200,30(7:130-132谨致作者敬请本刊作者允诺:稿件中没有侵犯他人著作权或其它权利的内容并且文责自负;投寄给本刊的稿件(论文、图表、照片等)自发表之日起,其专有出版权和网络传播权即授于本刊,并许可本刊在本刊网站或本刊授权的网站上传播及中国核心期刊(遵选)数据库、中国学术期刊综合评价数据库、中文科技期刊数据库、中国台湾华艺数据库全文收录。对上述合作若有异议者,烦请来稿时向本刊申明,未作中明者,本刊将视为同意,谢谢合作。并致诚挚敬意。《机电技术》编辑部基于 Gabor小波十PCA+LDA征提取方法的人脸表情识别旧数据文接作者:李烈熊,苏两河作者单位李烈熊(福硅船政交通职№学院,福廷福州,350007),苏河(福建电力职技术学院,福建泉州刊名:机电技术英文刊名:MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY年,卷(期)201,34(6)参考文献(7条)1. ZHAO Quan-you; PAN Bao-chang PAN Jian-jia Facial expression recognition based on fusion of Gabor and LBPfeatures 20082. Tang Fang-qi; Deng Ben-zai Facial Expression Recognition using AAM and Local Facial Features 20073.陈培俊基丁静态图像的人脸表情识别研究20074. Lades M: Vorbmggen J C; Buhmann J Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture1993(03)5.彭辉;张长水;荣钢基于K-变换的人脸自动识别方法2007(6)6. Duda R 0: Hart P E Stork D G Pattern Classificat ion(second edition) 20017.李云霞;李治柱:吴亚栋基于HM的关键词识别系统[期刊论文]计算机工程2004(07本文链接http://d.g.wanfangdata.comcn/periodiCaljdjs201106005.aspx
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