cpci express的标准
目前能找到的cpci express总线的标准ContentsIntroduction1.1 Statement of Compliance131.2 Terminology131.3 Applicable Documents181.4 Objectives…191.5 Name and Logo Usage....翻1E,B面201.5.1 Logo Use201.5.2 Trademark polic201.6 Intellectual Property211.7 Special Word Usage221.8 Connectors1.8.1 Legacy CompactPCI Connectors221.8.2 High -Speed Advanced differential Fabric Connectors1.83 UPM Power Connectors∴…251.8.3.1 System Slot/Board and Type 1 Peripheral Slot/Board.251.8.3.2 Switch Slot/ Board261.8.4 eHM C271.8.5 CompactPCI Pluggable Power Supply Connector271.9 Slot and board descriptions281.9.1 Connector Reference Designators...............311.9.2 System Slot and Board1.9.3 Type 1 Peripheral Slot and Board321.9.4 Type 2 Peripheral Slot and Board331.9.5 Hybrid Peripheral slot351.9.6 Legacy Slot1.9.7 Switch Slot and board.36197.13uSwitchSlotandboard.wwwwwww.361.9.7.2 6U Switch Slot and board371.10 EXample Configurations402 Mechanical Requirements452.1 Mechanical Overview452.2 DrayStandard452.3 Units452.4 Keepout Zones452.5 Connector Requirements.452.5.1 ADF Connectors452.5.1.1 Board connectors452.5.1.3 Backplane Connectors with Hot-Plug Suppor o2.5.1.2 Backplane Connectors without Hot-Plug Support46462.5.2 eHM Connectors462.5.2.1 Board Connector Type Designation.462.5.2.2 Backplane Connectors without Hot-Plug Support .........462.5.2.3 Backplane Connectors with Hot-Plug Support..... 462.5.3 UPM Connectors462.5.3.1 Backplane Connectors…………462.5.3.2 Board Connectors without Hot-Plug Support47PICMG EXPO CompactPCI Express Specification, Draft R. 93, March 11, 2005Do Not design To/Do Not claim compliance To/do Not distribute This specification2.5.3.3 Board Connectors with Hot-Plug Support2.5.4 HM Connectors472.5.5 47-Position Pluggable Power Supply Connector472.6 Chassis Subrack Requirements472.7 Backplane Requirements472.7.1 3U Backplane Dimensions and Connector Locations....... 472.7.2 6U Backplane Dimensions and Connector Locations2.8 Slot Numbering and Glyphs512.9 Board Requirements2.9.1 3U System/Type 1/Type 2 Board Dimensions and ConnectorLocations512.9.2 6U System/Type 1/Type 2 Board Dimensions and ConnectorLocations2.9.3 3U Switch board dimensions and connector locations wwm. 5429.4 6U Switch board dimensions and connector locations.552.9.5 Board pcb thickness562.9.6 ESD Discharge Strip562.9.7 ESD Clip562.9.8 Front Panels562.9.9 CompactPcI Express logo572.9.10 PMC/XMC Support….5729.11 Cross sectional vi582.9.12 Component Outline and Warpage582.9.13 Solder Side Cover(Optional)582. 9.14 Component Heights2.9. 15 System Slot Identification592.10 Rear-Panel 1/0 Board Requirements592.10.1 3U Rear-Panel l/o board dimensions592.10.2 6U Rear-Panel l/o board dimensions3 Electrical Requirements623. 1 Signal Definitions623.1.1 PCI Express Signals.623.1.1.1 PCI EXpress Transmit SigInaIs3.1.1.2 PCI Express Receive Signals623.1.1.3 Interconnect Definition633.1.1.3.1 Link definit633.1.1.3.2 Link Grouping.633.1.1.4 Electrical B643. 1.1.4.1 AC Coupling653.1.1.4.2 Insertion loss653.1.1.4.3 Crosstab‖k3.1.1.4,4 Lane-to-Lane skew3.1.1. 4.5 Equalization673.1.1.4.6 Skew within the Differential Pair(Intra-PairSkew)3.1.1.5 Jitter Budget Allocation683.1.1.5.1 Random Jitter(Rj)683.1.1.5.2 System Level Jitter Distribution693.1.1.5.3 Interconnect Jitter Budget693.1.1.5.4 Eye Patterns703. 1.1.5.5 Type 2 Peripheral Transmitter Eye4PICMG EXPO CompactPCI EXpress Specification, Draft R.93, March 11, 2005Do Not Design To/Do Not Claim Compliance To/Do Not Distribute This specification3.1.1.5.6 Controller Transmitter Eye3.1.1.5.7 Type 2 Peripheral Receiver Eye3.1.1.5. 8 Controller Receiver eye743.1.1.5. 9 Backplane Compliance Testing3.1.1.5. 10 Alternative Controller tX measurement.wm.773.1.1.6 Reference Clock783.1.1.6.1Hot-Pug…...….783.1.1.6.2 Clock Fan-Out..793. 1.1.6.3 Clocking dependencies3. 1.1.6.4 AC-Coupling and Biasing793.1.1.6.5 Routing length803. 1.1.6.6 Reference Clock Specification813.1.1.6.7 REFCLK Phase Jitter Specification3.1.2ESD853.1.35VauX.853.1.4 SMBI3.1.4.1 SMBus " Back Powering Considerations883.1.4.2 Backplane Identification and Capability Using SMBus. 883.1.5 PWRBTN# Signal943.1.6 PS ON# Signal.943.1.7 PWR OK Signal.......953.1.8 WAKE# Signal3.1.8. 1 Implementation Note983.1. 9 PERST# Signal993.1.9.1 nitial Power-Up(G3toL0)……………………1003.1.9.2 Power Management States(so to S3/S4 to so)1013.1.9.3 Power down1023.1.10 SYSEN# Signal…1033.1.11 Geographical Addressing1033. 1. 12 LINKCAP Signal1043.1.13/OPin1043.1.14 Reserved pins1043.2 Hot-Plug Support.1043.2.1 Hot-Plug sub-System Architecture1043.2.2 Power enable1073.2.3 Wake#1083.2.4 Module Power good1083.2.5 Present detection1083.2.6 System Management Bus1083.2.7 System Management Bus alert1083.2.8 Attention LED1093.2.9 Attention Switch1093.2.10 DC Specifications1093.3 Backplane Connector Pin Assignments1093.3.1 System SI3.3.1.1 4-Link Configuration1103.3.1.2 2-Link Combination Configuration3.3.2 Peripheral Slot I ype 11133.3. 3 Peripheral Slot Type 2.1153.3.4 Hybrid Peripheral slot.1153.3.5 Legacy slot117PICMG EXPO CompactPCI Express Specification, Draft R. 93, March 11, 2005Do Not design To/Do Not claim compliance To/do Not distribute This specification3.3.6 Switch Slot1173.3.6.1 3U Switch Slot3.3.6.2 6U Switch Slot x4 Link width1183.3.6.3 6U Switch Slot--X8 Link Width.1213.4 Power Supply Requirements…1233.4.1 Current Available1233.4.2 Regulation and Ripple and noise1243.4.3 Backplane Power Decoupling1243. 4.4 Power Supply Timing1243.4.5 Additional Power Requirements for Boards SupportingHot-Ppluc1254 Keying Requirements4Legacy Slots and Legacy boards12642 eHM Ke126A CompactPCI Express Advanced Differential Fabric Connector......129A 1 General data129A 1.1 Objective of this document.129A.1.2Scope129A.1.3 Intended Method of mounting129A 1. 4 Ratings and characteristics130A.1.5 Normative references130A.1.6 Markings……131A 1.7 Type Designation国131A.1.8 Ordering Information132A 1. 9 Special Connector LoadingsA2 Technical InformationA.2.1 Contacts and terminations133A 3 Dimensional Information134A.3.1 Isometric view and common features.134A 3.2 Engagement Information134A.3. 2.1 Electrical Engagement Length134A.3.2.2 First Contact point135A 3.2.3 Perpendicular to Engagement direction135A.3.2.4 Inclination135A 3.3 Backplane Connectors136A 3.3.1 Dimensions1136A.3.3.2 Contacts136A.3.3.3 Contact Tip Geometry…………137A.3.3,4 Terminations137A. 3. 4 Front board connectors wwwwwwwwwww138A,3. 4. Dimensions.138A 3.4.2 Terminations138A 3.5 Mounting Information for Backplane Connectors138A. 3.5. 1 Hole Pattern on Backplanes139A 3.5.2 Backplane Contact Positional Requirements139A.3.5.3 True position of male contacts.139A.3.6 Mounting Information for Front Board Connectors.140A 3.6.1 Hole Pattern on Printed boards140A 4 Characteristics1416PICMG EXPO CompactPCI EXpress Specification, Draft R.93, March 11, 2005Do Not Design To/Do Not Claim Compliance To/Do Not Distribute This specificationA.4.1 Climatic Category141A 4.1.1 Climatic Category Test batch P: Initial EXamination .....141A 4.1.2 Climatic Category Test Batch A: Mechanical Tests.. 141A 4.1.3 Climatic Category Test Batch B: Harsh Environments. 144A.4.1.4 Climatic Category Test Batch C: Damp Heat146A 4.1.5 Climatic Category Test Batch D: ExtendedEnvironmental Tests147A 4.1.6 Climatic Categary Test Batch E: ExtendedEnvironmental Tests148A.4.2 Electrical characteristics148A.4.2.1 Impedance148A 4.2.2 Crosstalk149A.4.2.3 Propagation Delay149A42.4 Differential skew..149A 4.25 Insertion Loss149BEnriched hard-Metric ConnectorB. 1 General data国面国B150B. 1. 1 Objective of this document150B.1.2 Description of the Connector,s Approach150B.1.3 Descriptive Partitions Found Further This document150B 1.4 Normative References15B 1.4.1 Primary references describing the generic Part ofthe co151B.1.42Additionalreferenceswwwwwww.15B.1.5 Intended Method of Mounting151B 1.6 Markings.152B.1.7 Type Designation(General)152B2 Technical Information∴152B 2.1 Definitions152B 2.2 Contacts152B 2.3 Contact Performance Level154B 2.4 Keying154B.2.4.1 Mating rules155B.2.4.2 Examples for mating and nonmating configurations . 156B.2.5 Type Designation156B 2.6 Applicational Information157B 2.6.1 Alignment and Gathering157B26.2 Polarization翻面面∴158B3 Dimensional InformationQB.3.1 General158B.3.2 View and common features158B3.3 Remarks on Mating Properties of eHM Connector…………159B 3. 4 Fixed Board connector160B 3.4.1 Dimensions160B 3.4.2 TerminationsB.3.4.3 Mounting Information for Fixed Board Connectors..161B 3. 4.4 Hole pattern on fixed board161B.3.4 5 Position of connectors on fixed board∴161B 3.5 Free board connectors162B 3.5.1 Dimensions162B 3.5.2 Termination163PICMG EXPO CompactPCI Express Specification, Draft R. 93, March 11, 2005Do Not Design TO/Do Not Claim Compliance To/Do Not Distribute This specificationB.3.5.3 Mounting Information for Free Board Connectors. .......163B 3.5.4 Hole pattern on free board163B 3.5.5 Position of connectors on front board163B4 Characteristics81.163B.4.1 Climatic Category∴163B 4.2 Electrical Characteristics163B.4.2. 1 Creepage and clearance Distances163B 4.2.2 Voltage Proof164B.4.2. 3 Current-Carrying Capacity.164B.4.2.4 Contact resistance.……164B 4.2.5 Insulation Resistance.164B 4.3 Mechanica164B.4.3.1 Mechanical Operation.164B.4.3.2 Engaging and Separating Forces164B 4.3.3 Contact retesert164B 4.3.4 Static Load. Transverse.164B 4.3.5 Gauge Retention Force.164B 4.3.6 Vibration(Sinusoidal.164B 4.3.7 Shock164B 4.3.8 Polarization method165B.4.3.9 Robustness and effectiveness of coding device .........165B.4.3.9.1 Conditions According to IEC60512-7,Test 13e....B165B 5 Test schedule165B.6 Quality Assessment Procedures…………….…..….…......…...165c Universal Power Connector(UPM)166C 1 General data.I....8.4.4面面面..166C.1.1 Objective of this document166C2 Dimensions167C 3 Perpendicular to Engagement Direction169C4 Inclination169C 5 Mounting Information169C 6 Climatic Category.171Figuresg1-1 HM Connectors231-2 Advanced Differential Fabric(ADF) Connector241-3 UPM Power Connector for System and Type 1 Peripheral Slots/Boards..251-4PowerConnectorforswitchslots/boardswwwwww.26-5 eHM Connector1-647- Position CompactS| Pluggable Power Supply Connector……….281-7 CompactPCI Express 3U Slot Examples29-8 Compact PCI Express 6u Slot Examples301-9 System Board311-10 System Slot321-11 Type 1 Peripheral Board321-12 Type 1 Peripheral Slot.331-13 Type 2 Peripheral Board-14 Type 2 Peripheral Slot34PICMG EXPO CompactPCI EXpress Specification, Draft R.93, March 11, 2005Do Not Design To/Do Not Claim Compliance To/Do Not Distribute This specification1-15 Hybrid Peripheral slot351-16 Boards Supported By Hybrid Peripheral Slots361-17 3 Switch Board371-18 3 Switch Slot371-19 6U Switch board38-20 6U Switch Slot391-21 Backplane with Hybrid Peripheral Slots and Legacy Slots401-22 Backplane with all Hybrid Peripheral Slots411-23 Backplane with Type 2 and Hybrid Peripheral Slots421-24 3U Backplane with Switch, System, Type 1, and Type 2 Slots1-256 U Backplane with Switch, System,Type1, and type2S∴………43442-1 Backplane Overall Dimensions482-2 30 Backplane connector Locations492-3 6U Backplane Connector Locations502-4 board compatibility glyphs2-5 Glyph for Boards that Operate in Either System or Peripheral Slots512-6 Slot Compatibility Glyphs……512-7 3U System, Type 1, and Type 2 Board Dimensions and ConnectorLocations522-8 6U System/Type 1/Type 2 Board Dimensions and Connector Locations...532-9 3 Switch board Dimensions and connector locations542-106uswItchboarddimensionsandconnectorlocations..w.wwwwww.552-11 Modification to PCB to Support Thicker Boards562-12 CompactPCI Express Logo572-13 Alternate CompactPC| Express Logo....….….…572-14 Approximate Clearance Between the PMC/XMC PCB and the aDFConnector………………..572-15 Board cross-Sectional view82-16 3U Rear-Panel l/o board dimensions,602-17 6U Rear-Panel l/o Board Dimensions613-1 2-Link and Loss definition643-2 Backplane Connector Footprint683-3 Interconnect jitter allocation703-4 Peripheral TX Eye Mask723-5 Controller TX eye Mask733-6 Peripheral RX Eye Mask743-7 Controller RX Eye Mask753-8 Backplane TX Compliance signal763-9 Backplane RX Eye…763-10 Alternative Controller measurement783-11 Biasing for HCSL Clock Input3-12 Biasing Simulation Results.803-13 Single-Ended Measurement for swing.833-14 Single-Ended Measurement Points for delta cross point833-15 Single-Ended Measurement Points for Rise and Fall Time Matching ..........833-16 Differential Measurement Points for Duty Cycle and Period833-17 Differential measurement points for rise and fall time843-18 Differential Measurement Points for Ringback843-19 Eight-Slot Backplane Example913-20 Power Supply Timing95PICMG EXPO CompactPCI Express Specification, Draft R. 93, March 11, 2005Do Not design To/Do Not claim compliance To/do Not distribute This specification3-21 WAKE Rise and fall time measurement points983-22 WAKE# Circuit Example93-23 Power Up…1013-24 Power Management states1023-25 Power down1033-26 Typical Hot-Plug Interface Implementation1063-27 4-Link Configuration Backplane Example1103-28 2-Link Combination Configuration backplane example112A-1 Sample Part Number with Explanation132A-2 Special Connector Loading 01001面着国面国B面面国33A-3 View of connectors with common features134A-4 Connector Mating Sequence35A-5 Dimensional Drawing of Backplane Connector.136A-6 Contact Geometry for Zone 2 Backplane Connector137A-7 Dimensional Drawing of Front Board Connectors138A-8 Hole Requirements for backplane Connector139A-9 Backplane Pin Contact Positional Tolerance ................................................140A-10 Hole Requirements for the Front Board Connector140B-1 View of Fixed and Free Board Keying Design(Left Perspective, RightDetailed).……155B-2 View of a Mating and a Non-Mating Keying Combination156B-3 View of fixed and free Board connectors..158B-4 View of Fixed Board connector Including polarization Feature.......159B-5 Dimensional drawing of Fixed board eHM connector160B-6 Hole Requirements for eHM on Fixed Board161B-7 Dimensional drawing of eHM Free Board connector…162B-8 Hole Requirements for eHM Free Board Connector............163C-1 UPM-F-7 Female 7-Position power connector dimensional information 167C-2 UPM-F-5 Female 5-Position Power Connector Dimensional Information ....168C-3 Male 7-Position power connector dimensional information168C-4 UPM-M-5 Male 5-Position Power connector dimensional Information169C-5 Hole pattern for 7-Row male uPm Power connector169C-6 Hole pattern for 5-Row male UPM Power connector170C-7 Hole pattern for female 7-Row uPm Power connector..170C-8Holepatternforfemale5-rowuPmpowerconnectorwwww.171Tables3-1 Interconnect Loss Budget Type 1 Peripheral3-2 Interconnect Loss Budget Type 2 Peripheral653-3 Allowable Interconnect Lane-to-Lane skew673-5 Interconnect Jitter buaget on3-4 Total System Jitter Distribution......69703-6 Type 2 Peripheral Transmitter Eye............713-7 Controller TX Compliance Eye Requirements723-8 Type 2 Peripheral RX Compliance Eye Requirements..733-9 Controller RX compliance Eye Requirements743-10 Backplane TX Compliance Signal (Signal Generator)753-11 Backplane RX compliance eye7610PICMG EXPO CompactPCI EXpress Specification, Draft R.93, March 11, 2005Do Not Design To/Do Not Claim Compliance To/Do Not Distribute This specification
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遗传算法与工程优化_玄光男_程润伟
本书是遗传算法的一本经典书籍。玄光男和程润伟合著。目汞3.7距离方法…………………………………":100371距离方法的一般思想…703.7.2计算距离度量…444…*…1023.7.3距离方法的应用噜早嗶忄唱嗆甲ψ『噜早鲁鲁旱P會P噜鲁鲁唱与·■鲁d鲁D咱·中自冒■啁■■曾■■P■P■曹1043.8妥协方法噌■■■■冒■冒■冒暑■■鲁冒■■■■■冒■■冒■■日■■■■■■■■和↓■最聊谭愚■和西晶dd晶动3.9目标规划方法….…10第4章模优化问题…甲■号十十↓4山口■■■■■■■■■■■■画■画n10941引言早昏!昏4昏山十山山·■留詈■·口音■“甲◆44P咱■自c■1094.2模糊线性规划■■■『■冒口■…:…1094.2.1模榭线性规划模型…s…1104.2.2遗传算法方法……………,………:,:11442.3交互式方法w"…!"""s""!"s,L1642.4数值例子1184.3模糊非线性规划…昌■晶■甲++4+白■■■■口■『十自l■?■『甲■甲矿1204,3.1非线性规划模型…………24.3.2用于求解FO/RNP1的非精确方法…………………1234.3.3交互式方法………………………154.3.4数值例子1264,4模糊非线性混合整数目标规划争■+山中早曾4曾曾會■曾■罪血聊自_略!1284,4.1模糊非线性混合整数目标规划模型■旱旱冒甲■■昏■■d1284.42遗传算法方法……1304.4.3数值例子自口·?··血中自省品日↓4晶日日甲吾晋……………:1324.5模糊多目标整数规划,"…s:1384.5.1问题描述……看pψ口13845.2增广的最小最大问题……………………………………40.5.3遗传算法方法會曾血曾鲁…………1404.5.4交互式模糊满意方法………………"s"t435.5数值例子144第5簟可靠性设计问题甲·自福4口备日看山山山口日日日4吾B·幽口甲》+目吾τ■1481引言5.2网络可靠性设计………《自■自·自哪日日b如由■5.2.1问题描述15QⅫ目录5.2.2 Dengiz, altiparmak和 Smith的方法…………………1505.2,3 Deeter和 Smith的方法…………1555.3基于树的网络可靠性和局城网设计…16l53.1双目标网络拓扑设计…11605.3.2数值例子……………………………………:1665.4多目标可靠性设计會!●早日●自◆中鲁·曾■鲁■4音目中自中昏自P目冒音自『■■■日『自D聊qp自即自自自自自自司日■■道■b电即画41695,4.1双目标可靠性设计……■唱罩鲁P‘會自■·聊·■司●D申看…ss……∴M1694.2遗传算法方法罩卩●■■·k↓■■■■b■d1695.4.3混合遗传算法方法…中斗P■白自+如『■■■b日日音日p食●自零唯●4pF714.4带有模糊目标的可靠性设计……su"…174第6章调度问题…中专自■會血督■平自谭卩血聊曲聊178引言……………………………………………1786.2作业车间调度………增+早早■盲◆自宁自命唱吾西b山如日中P中4看音甲目品司品罪山山自西由q1786.2.l基本方法…………………,………1796.2.2编码……口亡d…"s1796.2.3适应性遗传算子■中噜鲁會!中■譬1806.24以启发式方法为特点的遗传算子…………………………1836.2.5混合遗传算法1856.2.6讨论…""…1916.3群体作业调度问题r……_画唱晋■十舀昌■■口■■晋口↓冒+■■由■日早要甲号甲冒P卜■■■■如1926.3.1问题的描述和必要条件备由看.4吾日自吾啬v日日◆自自·4·口即口自咱目s1926.3.2基本运行""“"""……·…"""s"…………194表示…+……"…1!!B““s…19E6.3.4评价幽·44警↓甲甲1976.3.5遗传算子……………………………………………1976.3.6整体过程…………………………………………:1976.3.7数值例子……………晕翟■■山d●1986.4資源约柬的项目调度…4·4·■卜■如古罾日◆q『◆自血即·曾●聊司■咖自▲自■自晶昏如自白2006.41基于优先权的缩码………………1·命會省自自音自P■自自咱白自唱最‘罪42026.4.2遗传算子…………""""…s…2056.4.3评价与选择■看晋冒日●唱中↓由·■唱面斗q甲+量口2076.4.4试验结果……""…""s·2C86,5并行机器调度日录Ⅻ6.5.1支配条件2126.5.2 Memetic算法…………………………………………………2166.5.3试验结果6.6多处理器调度问题…,中即■鲁冒■2206.6.÷问题描述与假设………………………………………………………2206.6.2求解MSP的遗传算法…………………206.6.3数值例子4■P日·号日·咖自P·自·日■·目4B日4卓看d画■■d中·晶qφ甲号■甲■甲昏平昏■昏如●■●223第7章高级运輸问题…………………………甲自『■■昏『◆■■如■■曲。冒中2267.1引言…………*…"…"…s…∵………………………………2267.1,1运输模型…………,………….::267.1、2运输问题的构遣………………………………….2772基于生成树的方法…唱■鲁面■b■日甲如b血bdd■中2307.2.1树的表示中唱自P■■晶■萨卓◆甲■口b■■■号P即■中?2317.2.2初始化日1日°日宁■卩_甲■■t7,2.3遗传运算“日日:◆P晋自百自甲口自P省中自a自■凸………234了,2.4评价与选择……情●早■■即■自血··■血■■++4甲辱下■2347.2.5整个算法过程……………………………………:.357.3多目标运输问题……·早P·■·日哥日日日西4晶“甲中"■·自:■即如自■烟咖日西通2367.3.1问题的描述…………………↓■日■日早中中自■·唱日■吧曾·1t鲁辛冒…*2367.3,2多目标运输问题的基于生成树的遗传算法…2377,3.3数例239.4固定费用运输问题Ba2427.4.1数学模型2427.4.2fTP间题的难点…………2437,4.3fTP的求解方法d■p即■q■■看■■國■■■b晶b‘山bb早昏卜斷■备■■■自即曾■鲁■2437.4.4遗传算法的实现……………………甲早■音曹中■■卓■画2447.4.5数例7.5容量限制的工厂选址问题…■ψ會P◆■曾4西■■画d晶画2467.5.1数学模型罩品品品目b4:.口·自日即日日↓·日P44日日吾··24?7.5.2针对T厂问题的基于生成树的遗传算法…hh警■音学日日日日2自a画t2487.5.3数例……2496带模糊系数的双目标运输问题2507.6.1问题的表述……………………………………,251月录7.6.2排序模糊数■■血■血·會■■■會■■噜會■■會自甲中看鲁看血中噜曹個鲁P咱PPP看看看!噜7.6.3遗传算法的实现………"2527.6.4数例……254第8章网络设计与路径…………………………………2583.1引言2588.2最短路径问题……………………2588,2.1问题描述…………………t………"2598.2,2遗传算法的方法…………………………………………"……26082.3数例s…2658.3有适应能力的网络路由……………………………………………"2668.3.1基于遗传算法的有适应能力的路由2678.3.2染色体表示咖■■■■2678.3,3染色体评价■章·;咖咖…2688.3.4遗传算子…■■譬■号■■■tbdd·t血d2688.3.5数例聊●自·』壘■■着■wrrs;“"…2724集中式网络设计…ψq■4血b血4■■■◆■·■■■自■自■自■自■■■_■■晶■▲甲4}+■…2758.4.1问题的描述…………*……………………2758.4.2遗传算法……,""" ++I++TB+Br.…;s"……!2768.4.3数例▲…2778.5计算机网络扩展…■■■■↓4十山4p■■T■■『··q章自自■曾■■■自聊……………2788.5.1问题描述2782 Kumar, Pathak和(ptn的方法8.5.3数例…■■■■■啬■ψ■ψ罩·自●↓↓壘■■■■■晶卩晶4b4φdsms■a■↓■+個山t■曾■■音多阶段工序汁划2828.6.l问题的描述曾■■日『·■早早譬P即■4■■■■4■山■·b828.6.2遗传算法··号P··D■昏■■■日自■身罩·』自自·日4B目■B■晶bp4●4d2838.6.3数例甲會■昏■口■饣中十2848.7网络上的MG/s队列设酱定位會ψ會即自■■■画■■db凸面■白■■甲↓4山2858:7.1问题的描述…………………;………………………∵…………2868.7.2进化计算方法………………………………………893.7,3数例…………………"…"r"………291第9章制造元设计………中山中■4晋甲曾T吾4卩■;■Td+4■■■冒t曾■■■■留■2949.1引言……………;……………………………………2949.2制造元设计■會◆■鲁■智咱自■■■中鲁鲁■曾聊■■t卩·■■4聊■聊■咱自■■电L■■自聊■……+,…2959.3传统的制造元设计方法■号◆444■自曲■2969.3.1相似系数方法…………………………………………299.3.2基于数组的方法………电··1日罪■■山■■■中罩●4卓■中自p■昏■2979.33数学规划方法……………中即··日··■·■·日■·中号唱■号■■‘■■日卜p↓●卓■■2989.34图与网络方法………………………………………2989.4退传算法方法…s"………,"·299.4.1遗传子表示和遗传算子…↓看b昏↓昏■■"甲●曾2999.4.2 Joines基丁次序的方法…………9.4.3Mn和Kimn的方法b■■■·号卩·■ψ自西■中■■■■Jbb●4●049.4.4 Joines的整数规划方法………9,4,5其他方法…………1·卩『『『P■■d卜一r■『■甲『卓■■『■■■■旷*r』…3159.5可选址工计划的制造元设计……………………….39.5,1可选操作和机器冗余的结合………………………………13179.5.2可选路径的绪合■■4·西■b■■■甲nd4●■是3209.5.3Mon,Gen和Kim的对于独立单元的方法3259.6独立单元的设计…………,3309.6.1机器类型数最小化的族群构造3309.6.2族群数的确定……………aaa·中日▲b·白。当3349.6.3极小化机器数…日·P·■■■■罪ψ■聊咖■↓■卜■即↓■3379,6.4其他设想……1■甲甲甲甲昏■早■■国山■4■■↓■4■晶晶■■b■画血曲338参考文………………………………339素引………………………381第1章遗传算法的基础1.1引言自1960年以来人们对于模拟生物以及由此开发的针对复杂优化问题的有效算法产生了浓厚兴趣。当前在该领域中常常引用的术语就是进化计算( evolutionarycomputation)它包含以下一些主要算法:传算法( genetic algorithMs)由Hlln开发303),进化策略< evolution stra: Clcs)(由 Rechenberg)和 Schwefel开发),进化规划 evolutionary programming)(由 Fogel等人开发0)和遺传程序设计( geneticprogramming)(由K0za开发)。当然还存在若T将上述算法的各种特点加以结合而形成的混合算法。当前进化计算领域的最新发展水平在Back和 Schwefel3,Michalewi21以及Foge等人的综述里有很好的介绍,作为强有力且应用广泛的随机搜索和优化方法,遗传算法可能是当今影响最广泛的进化计算方法之一。在过去的几年中,遗传算法界将更多的注意力放在工业上程领域的优化问题上,并由此产生了一批新的研究和应用11:有关遗传算法的参考书目请参阅 Alander的著述1般认为遗传算法有5个基本组成部分(这是由 Mictialewica归纳的41.问题的解的遗传表示2.创建解的初始种群的方法3.根据个休适应值对其进行优劣判定的评价函数4:用来改变复斜过程中产生的子个体遗传组成的遗传算子5.遗传算法的参数值遗传算法维持由一群个体组成的种群Pt(t代表遗传代数)。每一个体均代表问题的一个潜在的解。每一个体都被评价优劣并得到其适应值。某些个体要经历称作遗传操作的随机变换由此生产新的个体。主要有两种变换方法:变异( mutation)的方法是将个个体改变从而获得新的个体;杂交( crossover)的是方法将两个个体的有关部分组合起来形成新的个体。新产生的个体(称作后代( offspring!C(t))继续被评价优劣。从父代种群和子代种群中选择比较优秀的个体就形成了新的种群。在若干代以后,算法收敛到个最优个体该个体很有可能代表着问题的最优或次优解。遗传算法的一般结构可以摘述如下:第1章遗传法約基础遄传算法过程begil始化P(t评价Pwhile(终止条件不满足)dbe重组P(以产生Ct评价C(从P(t)和C()中选择P(t-1)endend关于搜索策路存在两种重要方案:深度搜索最优解利广度搜索解空间m,遗传算法提供了一种在复杂解空间上进行有向随机搜家的方法。遗传算子原则上进行的是盲搜索;选择算亍嫏勻可能将遗传搜索的方向引早到解空间的理想区域中。针对特定现实世界屮问题开发的遗传算法需注意这样一条普遍原则,即要在对解空间进行深度搜索和度搜索中继持很好的平衡。为实现这一原则,必须仔细考虑遗传算法的所有组成部分另外可能还需要结合附加的启发式方法来增强其性能1.1.1编码问题如何将问题的解编码成为染色体是逮传算法使用屮的关键问题。该问题已经从多方面进行过饼究,比奶当个体需要解码成为解时从基因型空间到表现型空间的映射性质,以及个体被遗传算子操作时的变形特性等。编码的分类在 Hofland的℃作中,编码采用了二进制字符串(lbinary strings)的形巴经知道,由于 Hamming悬崖的存在,二进制编码对于函数优化问题存在重缺陷。 Hamming悬崖指的是表现型空间中距离很小的个体对可能有很大的 Hamming距离+42。举例来说,个体对01111000000于表现型空间中的相邻点最小 Euclidean距离点》但它们却在基因型空间其有最大的丑 aImiNg臣离。为了翻越且 ammIng悬崖’个体的所有苞需要同时进行改变。由杂交和变异实现翻越Ia悬崖的可能性非常小。在这种情况下,二进制编码无法维持表现型空间中点的位置。对于丁业工程领域里的许多问题而言,几乎不可能用二进制编码来表示它们的解在过去的1年里已经针对特定的问题提出了各种编码方法,其目的都是为了能够更有效地实现遗传算法。根据采用何种符号作为某因的等位基因,编码方式可以分类如下◆二进制編码( binary encoding)实数编码(rea!- number encoding整数或字母排列编码般数据结构编码实数编码对于函数优化问题最为有效c关于实数编妈在函数优化和约荣优化领城比二进制编码和Gray编码更有效的说法,经得到了广泛的验证191041由于实数编码基因型空闯中的柘扑结构与其表现型空间中的拓扑结构一致,因此徒容易从传统优化方法中借鉴好的技巧来形成有效的遗传算孑。整数和字母排列編码( literalpermutation encoding)对于组合优化问题最为有效。由于组合优化间题最关键的是要寻找满足约束项目的最佳排列或组合,因此字母排列编码对」这类问题是最有效的方法对于更为复杂的现实问题,用合适的数据结构来表示基因的等位基因,可以有效抓住问题的本质。在这种情扰下,基因可能是n维数组或更为复杂的数据结构根据編码的结构,编码方法还可以分为如下两类:(1)一维築码( one-dimensionalencoding):(2)多维编码( multidimen onal encoding)。大多数实践中采用了一维端码。然而许多实际间题需要多结构的解:用多维编码方法米衣不这些解就很自然。比如,vinous和 Michalewic2对运输间题采用了分配矩阵进行编码。( hoon和 Pari对VSI电路效置问题采用了二维编码(。 Anderson, Jones和Ryan采用了二维网格型编码。Moon科Kim对于图问题采用二维編码13Ono, Yamamura和 Kobayashi对于作业车间调度向题采用了作业赈序矩阵编码、Bti和Mon给出∮关子多维编码和杂交的一般性讨论。他们在文中指出将多维问题的解进行一维编码必然会损失多维结构中相当数量的信息根据编码的内容,编码方法还可看作如下两类:(1)仅包含解,(2)包含解和参数在遗传算法实践中,第一种方法被广泛用来针对给定的问题开发合适的编码。第一种方法在 Rechenberg和 Schwefel提出的进化策略中被采用11]个个体包含厨个部分:首先是给定问题的解其次是策略参数,包括变异中正态分布的方差和协方差。将策略参数并入个体表示的目的,是通过将进化算子应用于这些参数来促进它们的进化自透应。因此搜索就在解空间和进化参数上问时进行。通过这种方法,可以在任意环境下获得变异参数的合理调整和多样性。不可行( infeasi bility)与非法性( (illegality)遗传算法交替地在编码空间和解空间中进行操作。换句话说,也就是交莕地在基因型空间和表现型空间中进行操作。遗传算子作用于基因型空间中,而评价和选择则作用于表现型空间中。然选择连接了染色休和解码产生的解的性能。从基因型空间到表现型空间的映射对于遗传算子的性能有很大影响。其中…个与映射相关的重要问惠就是某些个体对应着给定问题的不可行解。对子约束优化间题和组合优化问题而言,这个问题可能很严重
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