基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计
基于51的数控直流电源的设计，比较不错，尤其是数控电源在工业与民用上的应用越来越多，这方面的资料又比较欠缺，所以拿来与大家分享。虽然分比较高，但还是很值得的基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计目录1.前言1.1研究背景及意义…1.2国内外研究现状1.3课题的主要内容14论文的总体结构……2方案论证与设计基础知识2.1方案设计与论证…22主控单片机(MCU2.3液晶显示屏(1602)……2.4三端可调稳压器…82.5运算放大器OP072.6数模转换芯片……………1027模数转换芯片3.系统电路原理及硬件实现…………………………………123.1系统总体框图1232系统模块电路设计……………………………………………………………133.2.1单片机控制模块……惠州学院毕业论文3.2.2稳压控制模块…………………………………………………………………143.2.3电压与电流采样模块153.2.4显示模块……183.2.5电源模块193.2.6键盘模块…203.3系统整体原理图……………………………204.系统的软件设计214.1软件设计思路……………………214.2系统软件流程……214.2.1主程序模块……………………………………214.2.2闭环比较程序模块235.系统测试与误差分析……………………………………………………245.1系统测试245.1.1软件测试245.1.2硬件测试245.1.3系统整体测试………………………………………………………2552误差分析……………266.设计总结和展望…………………………………………………………27致谢…………29参考文献附录1系统整体原理图…附录2系统源程序…………………………32基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计1前言1.1研究背景及意义电源技术尤其是数控电源技术是一门实践性很强的工程技术,服务于各行各业。当今电源技术融合了电气、电子、系统集成、控制理论、材料等诸多学科领域。直流稳压电源是电子技术常用的仪器设备之一,广泛的应用于教学、科研等领域,是电子实验员、电子设计人员及电路开发部门进行实验操作和科学研究所不可缺少的电子仪器。在电子电路中,通常都需要电压稳定的直流电源来供电。而整个稳压过程是由电源变压器、整流、滤波、稳压等四部分组成。然而这种传统的直流稳压电源功能简单、不好控制、可靠性低、干扰大、精度低且体积大、复杂度高。普通的直流稳压电源品种有很多,但均存在以下二个问题:输出电压是通过粗调(波段开关)及细调(电位器)来调节。这样,当输出电压需要精确输出,或需要在一个小范围内改变时,困难就较大。另外,随着使用时间的增加,波段开关及电位器难免接触不良,对输出会有影响。稳压方式均是采用串联型稳压电路,对过载进行限流或截流型保护,电路构成复杂,稳压精度也不高。在家用电器和其他各类电子设备中,通常都需要电压稳定的直流电源供电。但在实际生活中,都是由220ⅴ的交流电网供电。这就需要通过变压、整流、滤波、稳压电路将交流电转换成稳定的直流电。滤波器用于滤去整流输出电压中的纹波,一般传统电路由滤波扼流圈和电容器组成,若由晶体管滤波器来替代,则可缩小直流电源的体积,减轻其重量,且晶体管滤波直流电源不需直流稳压器就能用作家用电器的电源,这既降低惠州学院毕业论文了家用电器的成本,又缩小了其体积,使家用电器小型化。传统的直流稳压电源通常采用电位器和波段开关来实现电压的调节,并由电压表指示电压值的大小。因此,电压的调整精度不高,读薮欠直观,电位器也易磨损。而基于单片机控制的直流稳压电源能较好地解决以上传统稳压电源的不足。随着科学技术的不断发展,特别是计算机技术的突飞猛进,现代工业应用的工控产品均需要有低纹波、宽调整范围的高压电源,而在一些高能物理领域,更是急需电脑或单片机控制的低纹波、宽调整范围的电源。1.2国内外研究现状从十九世纪90年代末起,随着对系统更高效率和更低功耗的需求,电信与数据通讯设备的技术更新推动电源行业屮直流值流电源转换器向更高灵活性和智能化方向发展。在上世纪80年代的第一代分布式供电系统开始转向到上世纪末更为先进的第四代分布式供电结构以及中间母线结构,直流/直流电源行业正面临着新的挑战,即如何在现有系统加入嵌入式电源智能系统和数字控制。随着科学技术的迅速发展,人们对物质需求也越来越来高,特别是一些高新技术产品。如今随着直流电源技术的飞跃发展,整流系统由以前的分立元件和集成电路控制发展为微机控制,从而使直流电源智能化,具有遥测、遥信、遥控的三遥功能,基本实现了直流电源的无人值守。并且,在当今科技快速发展过程中,模块化是直流电源的发展趋势,并联运行是电源产品大容量化的一个有效手段,可以通过设计N+1冗余电源系统,实现容量扩展,提高电源系统的可靠性可用性,缩短维修、维护时间,从而使企业产生更大的效益。如:扬州鼎华公司近些年基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计来结合美国 Sorensen amre等公司的先进技术,成功开发了单机最大功率120KW智能模块电源,可以并联32台(可扩展到64台),使最大输出功率可以达到7600kW以上。智能模块电源采用电流型控制模式,集中式散热技术,实吋多仼务监控,具有高效、高可靠、超低辐射,维护快捷等优点,机箱结构紧凑,防腐与散热也作了多方面的加强。它的应用将会克服大功率电源的制造、运输及维修等困难。而且和传统可控硅电源相比节电20%-30%节能优势,奠定了它将是未来大功率直流电源的首选1.3课题的主要内容如何实现对电源的输出控制系统设计的目的是要用微处理器来替代传统直流稳压电源中手动旋转电位器,实现输出电压在电源量程范围内步进冋调,精度要求高。实现的途径很多,可以用DAC的模拟输出控制电溟的基准电压或分压电阻,或者用其它更有效的方法,因此如何选择简单有效的方法是本课题需要解决的首要问题。2、数控直流电源功能的完备数控直流稳压电源要实现电压的键盘化输出控制,同时要具备输出、过压过流保护及数组存贮与预置等功能。另外,根据要求电源还应该可以通过按键选择一些特殊的功能。如何有效的实现这些功能也是课题所需研究解决的问题。3、性能指标输出最大电压:15V输出最大电流:1A惠州学院毕业论文电压步进01V电压分辨率:002V14论文的总体结构第一部分简要介绍课题的背景、意义、国内外研究现状,介绍本文的主要研究内容,包括实现的目标、功能的完备和性能指标。第二部分提出了数控直流电源的总的设计思路和几种实现方案论证,以及相关系统实现的功能,对这些方案的可行性进行比较分析,选择了一种基于51单片机系统的数控直流电源的方案,并对该方案运用的基础知识和使用的器件作出扼要的介绍。第三部分模块化详细阐述了基于51单片数控直流电源的系统整体结构和设计框图,包括薮据单片杋控制模块、稳压控制模块、电压僡流釆样模块、电源模块及键盘模块。第四部分主要阐述了数控直流电源的软件系统的设计思路和软件设计流程。第五部分对数控直流电源的性能参数进行测量与评估,以及对误差进行分析。第六部分对本薮控直流电源的给出了本课题的结论,并对其发展前景进行了展望。2方案与设计基础知识21方案设计与论证根据设计的要求:1、最高输岀电压15V,最大输出电流1A。2、电压步进01V。3、纹波系数尽可能小,输出稳定。4、有限按键操作方使,LCD显示界面基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计5、闭环控制理论的嵌入式软件实现特色及基本技术路线:低成本解决方案。2、直观的实验效果3、经典理论验证平台先硬件后软件,先局部后整体。我设计出以下三个方案:方案一:设计开关电源。在前期方案设计中采用PWM脉宽调制。它的功耗小,效率髙,稳压范围宽,电路形式灵活多样,功耗小,效率高。在制作过程中发现,PWM占空比的线性变化使相应的电流呈非线性变化,经分析发现滤波电容的存在对占空比很小的PWM波积分效果明显,导致电压的非线性变化更显著,特别是PWM占空比很小时(希望得到输出的电压很小),利用单片开关电源的PWM技术控制开关的占空比来调整输出电压的,以达到稳定输出的日的。但用数字量控制的作用更加明显。方案二:用DA和运算放大器做电流源,即采用DA输出调节晶体管的偏值电流电压)。采用此方案能有效的缩短调节吋间,并能提高输出精度。设计方案,包括了微控制器模块、稳压控制模玦、显示模块、键榅模玦、电源模块四部分构成,形成开环控制。方案原理示意图见图2-1:惠州学院毕业论文电压控制单掉电存贮元(LM317)单元(24C02)51单片机(8051)按键电路三位数码管显示单元电源电路图2-1方案二原理框图采用常用的51芯片作为控制器,PO口和DAC0832的数据口直接相连,DA的电压输出端接放大器OP07的输入端,设定放大器的放大倍数为5,输出到电压模块LM3317的电压分辨率0.1ⅴ。所以,当MCU输出数据增加1的时候,最终输出电压增加0.1V,当调节电压的时候,可以以每次0.1Ⅴ的梯度增加或者降低电压。数码管显示电路,该系统使用3个数码管,可以显示三位数,分别组成显示电路的十位、个位、小数点位。本主电路的原理是通过MCU控制DA的输出电压大小,通过放大器放大,给电压模块作为最终输出的参考电压,真正的电压,电流还是由电压模块LM317输出。方案三:用D∧A和运算放大器做电流源,即釆用DA输出调节晶体管的偏值电流
- 2020-12-09下载
- 积分：1
RTCM3.3协议全
全新RTCM3.3协议完整版RTCM STANDARD 10403.3DIFFERENTIAL GNSS(GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS)SERVICES – VERSION 3DEVELOPED BYRTCM SPECIAL COMMITTEE NO. 104OCTOBER 7, 2016COPYRIGHT©2016 RTCMRadio Technical Commission for Maritime Services1611 N. Kent St., Suite 605Arlington, Virginia 22209-214RTCM Paper 141-2016-SC104-STD000ocRTCMco00c30RTCM 10403. 3, Differential GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems)Services- Version 3, October 7, 2016This standard (referred to as version 3 has been developed by rtCm special Committee 104 as a moreefficient alternative to the standards entitled rtcm recommended standards for diffe rentialRecommended Standards for Differential gNss Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service, Version 2.x(Current version is 2. 3, now designated as RTCM 10402. 3. Service providers and vendors represented onthe SC104 Committee wanted a new standard that would be more efficient, easy to use, and more easilyadaptable to new situations. The main complaint was that the version 2. x parity scheme, which useswords with 24 bits of data followed by 6 bits of parity, was wasteful of bandwidth. Another complaint wasthat the parity was not independent from word to word. Still another was that even with so many bitsdevoted to parity the actual integrity of the message was not as high as it should be. Plus, 30-bit wordsare awkward to handle. the new standard version 3 is intended to correct these weaknessesUnlike Version 2. x, this standard does not include tentative messages The messages in Version 3 haveundergone testing for validity and interoperability and are considered to be permanent. amendments tothe standard may change the meaning of reserved bits or provide additional clarifying text, but no changeswill be made in the data fields. Changes will require new messages to be developed. In addition to themessages described in the current standard the committee continues to develop new messages whichare described in separately published amendments and periodically gathered into a new edition of thestandard. RTCM 10403x for dgNSS services is proving useful in supporting highly accurate differentialand kinematic positioning as well as a wide range of navigation applications worldwideNote that Version 3 messages are not compatible with Version 2. x. Since many receivers have beendesigned and programmed for use with Version 2. x messages, rtCm is maintaining both standards0402 3 and 10403, 3 as" standardsVersion 3.0The initial edition consisted primarily of messages designed to support real-time kinematic (RTK)operations. The reason for this emphasis is that rtk operation involves broadcasting a lot of informationand thus benefits the most from an efficient data format. Version 3.0 provided messages that supportGPS and gloNaSs rTK operations including code and carrier phase observables antenna parametersand ancillary system parametersVersion 3. 1(RTCM Standard 10403.1:The next edition, Version 3. 1 (RTCM Standard 10403. 1), incorporated GPS Network Corrections, whichenable a mobile receiver to obtain accurate rtk information valid over a large area. In addition, new GPSand GLoNaSS messages provide orbital parameters to assist in rapid acquisition a Unicode text messageis also provided for the transmission of textual data. Finally a set of messages are reserved for vendorswho want to encapsulate proprietary data in their broadcasts the gps Network Corrections enable amobile receiver to obtain accurate rtk information valid over a large area. the network rtk correctioninformation provided to a rover can be considered as interpolated corrections between the referencestations in the rtk network this interpolation is not perfect and varies with the actual conditions of theatmosphere. A residual interpolation error has to be expected. With sufficient redundancy in the RtKnetwork, the network server process can provide an estimate for residual interpolation errors. Suchquality estimates may be used by the rover to optimize the performance of rtk solutions The values maybe considered by the rover as a priori estimates only with sufficient tracking data available the rovermight be able to judge residual geometric and ionospheric errors itselfVersion 3. 1. Amendment 1:Amendments 1 was an extensive addition that adds rtcm messages containing transformation data andinformation about Coordinate reference Systems. For rtCm data supporting a rtk service, coordinatesare measured within the itrf or a regional realization surve yors and other users of rtk services mustnormally present their results in the coordinates of local datums. Therefore, coordinate transformationsare necessary. by having RTCM messages that contain transformation data and information about theCoordinate reference systems the users of the rtk service can obtain their results in the desired datumwithout any manual operations. the rtk service providers can then ensure that current information forthe computation of the transformations is always used. the convenience of this method will promote theacceptance of rtK servicesVersion 3. 1. amendment 2:Amendment 2 added residual error messages to support the use of Non-Physical or Computed referenceStations in a network rtk environmentVersion 3. 1. amendment 3:Amendment 3 addressed differences in the way gnss receiver manufacturers have implemented carrierphase encoding of some Version 3 messages so that carrier phase observations are in phase for all carrierphases of a specific frequency i e. they correct for quarter cycle phase shifts. others retain the quartercycle offset between the carrier phase observations in the data. this amendment documents the waydifferent manufacturers have handled the phase shift issue and prescribes a uniform approach for futureproducts.∨ersiⅰon3.1, Amendment4:Amendment 4 added sections 3.5.13 on glONASS Network rtK Correction Messages and 3.5. 14 on FKPNetwork Rtk Correction Messages Related revisions were also made elsewhere in the document.Version 3. 1. amendment 5Amendment 5 added section 3. 5. 12 on State Space Representation related revisions are also madeelsewhere in the document, along with some editorial correctionsVersion 3. 2(RTCM Standard 10403.2)Version 3.2 consolidates Version 3. 1 and all five amendments into a new edition, and it adds MultipleSignal Messages (MSM)as well. the Multiple Signal Message (MSm)format generates receiverobservables in the same way for all included satellite systems. the messages include compact and fullmessages for Pseudorange, PhaseRange, Carrier to Noise Ratio (standard and high resolution), andPhaseRangeratea table near the beginning of the standard lists which messages were included in each separate editionand amendment, so it should not be necessary for users to refer to older versions. Multiple signalMessages are a generic format that will be followed for all GNSs systems. version 3 originally consisted ofmessages for GPS and GLONASS, each in their own format Now with the imminent addition of signals forBeiDou, Galileo, and QZSS, as well as new signals provided by modernized GPS and GloNASS satellitesthe need for a consistent generic format became evident. service providers and users are urged to migrateto the MsM messages to make it easier to accommodate new gNss services(See The RTCM Multiple Signal Messages: A New Step in GNSS Data Standardization")Another newmessage is the gloNaSS Bias Information message. This message provides information which is intendedto compensate for the first-order inter-frequency phase range biases introduced by the reference receivercode- phase biasVersion 3.2, Amendment 1:Added Galileo F/NAv Satellite Ephemeris Data(msg. 1045 )and Bds MSM(msgs. 1121-1127)Version 3.2 amendment 2Added qzss ephemeris(msg. 1044 )and QZss MSm (msgs. 1111-1117Version 3. 3(RTCM Standard 10403.3)This new edition adds Satellite-Based Augmentation System Multiple Signal Messages to previouslydopted messages for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and QzssA new ephemeris message has been added for BeiDou(BDS)and a new I/NAV ephemeris message hasbeen added for Galileo. The new edition also reserves 100 messages be used exclusively by sc104 fornew message developmentFinally, the new edition makes consolidates previous amendments and makes numerous editorialImprovementsNavstar GPS Service, Version 2. x. Service providers and vendors represented on the scco000c30z1O2co00c30Contentsco00c30
- 2020-06-27下载
- 积分：1
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